Part one: Introduction. Part two: Russia. Part three: Brazil.  Part four: China and Hong Kong. Part five: India.

A South African child marks her place in a line for food from the Masiphumelele Creative Hub feeding scheme run by Yandiswa Mazwana in Masiphumelele, Cape Town, South Africa 28 May 2020.. (Photo: EPA-EFE/NIC BOTHMA)

Governmental shifts in South Africa seem to have taken the opposite trajectory to much of the global pattern, following changes in the former liberation movement, the African National Congress, at the end of 2017. This saw the replacement of the profoundly corrupt, constitution-flouting and incipiently populist regime of Jacob Zuma  with the suave former businessman Cyril Ramaphosa, promising to end corruption, restore “good governance” and attract massive foreign investment.

This was welcomed by many in the middle classes, business and internationally, but Ramaphosa’s position in the ANC remained precarious, with the Zuma network retaining many positions of power. With the coming of the pandemic, Ramaphosa moved decisively to take charge, and the government adopted a science-driven approach, gaining high approval in the media and opposition parties, as well as internationally from the WHO and others. Would this help him to consolidate his presidential power?

The government declared a State of National Disaster and implemented one of the toughest lockdowns in the world – all of this with the number of infections at about 100, and deaths not yet in the 20s. The six-week lockdown curbed the spread of infections. The interval was used to build capacity in the healthcare system and ramp up testing (still a challenge) and community screening initiatives.

More broadly, however, the lockdown has had a devastating economic impact, with many businesses left reeling, formal sector jobs lost and under threat, informal sector and survivalist activities of the unemployed and poor destroyed, and communities suffering from hunger and deep distress. This has exacerbated the profound economic crisis that South Africa was already facing – the official unemployment rate was 29%, but more realistically was close to 40% prior to the current crisis.

A South African policeman fires tear gas to disperse crowds during a land grab by hundreds in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa, 21 April 2020.  (Photo: EPA-EFE/NIC BOTHMA)

The lifting of the lockdown has been shambolic. In place of the carefully calibrated sequence of steps that was initially promised, the government has over a few weeks and under pressure from every conceivable interest group, rushed to open all economic sectors, also opening activities that are known to accelerate infections such as restaurants and church services, just as the numbers of infected and the dead are rapidly increasing. Government regulations often appear contradictory, arbitrary and are changed frequently, leading to confusion.

Initially, the government set aside large-scale resources to support businesses and buffer workers from the crisis, as well as to provide relief in the form of supplementary grants. These measures have been belated, in some cases ineffectively implemented, and have hardly been sufficient in the light of the collapse of both formal sector work and informal economies. However, as government revenues have plummeted it has presented a new austerity Budget which is likely to worsen the conditions of the poor and the working class.

South Africans wait in a long line for social grants and to buy food from a shopping centre during the fifth day of a  natioal lockdown in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa, 31 March 2020. (Photo: EPA-EFE/NIC BOTHMA)

Among popular movements and activist networks, several groupings have emerged, including the Covid-19 Working-Class Campaign, the Cry of the Xcluded (formed in February 2020 before the pandemic landed in South Africa), and the C-19 People’s Coalition.

Preceding these formations, however, activist networks, community organisations and trade unions around the country mobilised teams to move from household to household in communities, producing and distributing sanitiser and talking about the necessity for physical distancing. Some demanded the provision of water from municipalities, while others marshalled the long queues at clinics and local supermarkets, encouraging physical distancing and resolving conflicts.

The response from below has been quicker, more agile and more effective than the state’s relief efforts.

At a national level, a diverse network of activists came together motivated by three overriding concerns – to strengthen community responses, ensure that government responses did not exacerbate inequality and exclusion, and propose measures that would not only counter the immediate social and economic crisis but also lay the foundations for a different kind of future.

Within a week they had established the C-19 People’s Coalition, which by now is supported by 400 movements, NGOs, trade unions, informal sector worker organisations, feminist groups, faith-based organisations, research centres and public health networks – the biggest coalition South Africa has seen since the 1983 anti-apartheid United Democratic Front.

Apart from community organising, the coalition activists have been involved in a wide range of activities. They have assembled information about state violence and trained activist monitors, distributed food parcels with a focus on establishing resilient food systems, supported survivors of gender-based violence, and challenged government actions on a wide range of fronts.

All these initiatives reveal a vibrant and resourceful set of movements and networks with deep roots in communities and workplaces. Nonetheless, despite the promise of new forms of politics and mobilisation, older forms of conflicts and fault lines have emerged, both between different initiatives and within the People’s Coalition as it has attempted to move from rapid response and mobilisation to organisational consolidation.

Conflict over patriarchy, gender and class, NGOs and mass-based organisations, organisational practices, differing political postures and funding have emerged and are aggravated by the need to organise virtually.

Notwithstanding some ad hoc local collaborations, there has been no systematic engagement with community organisations from a government which, it is increasingly clear, is too distant and disorganised to directly access communities and ameliorate desperation and social distress.

Its food parcel efforts and the Covid-19 temporary unemployment grant are hindered by bureaucratic processes to limit beneficiaries to the “deserving poor”. Failed promises and corruption have further provoked tensions. The moment of crisis has once again exposed that the ANC and government are no longer capable of imagining an active popular base.

The state’s most visible presence in communities during the weeks of lockdown has been in the form of the police and the army, who have been set the task of enforcing the lockdown in communities where compliance is impossible. Multiple reports, particularly from poor communities, provide a snapshot of the abuse of power, corruption, human rights abuses, humiliating treatment and violent assaults perpetrated by security forces. The independent police watchdog revealed in early May that it was investigating 376 cases that relate to the lockdown period, including 10 alleged deaths.

To make matters worse, local governments, together with security forces, have also carried out illegal evictions. In eThekwini on Gauteng’s East Rand, the ANC authorities have continued their vicious vendetta against a highly organised shack dwellers organisation, Abahlali baseMjondolo, under cover of the lockdown. Daily Maverick reported the words of Patrick Matome, standing in the ruins of his shack south of Johannesburg: “We didn’t even know what coronavirus was, but we respected the voice of government and stayed in our shacks. Where must we run to now?”

Old and new forms of resistance are emerging. Residents barricade roads, burn tyres, loot shops and clash with police in protest over the failure to distribute food parcels, or bang pots and pans in protest. Health sector trade unions have organised physically distanced pickets outside hospitals and health workers have directly organised strikes at clinics and hospitals, demanding to be provided with the correct equipment to confront the pandemic. At a crowded Cape Town internment camp, homeless people established an organisation, formulated demands and defended human rights monitors against arrest.

Some of these mobilisations have been spontaneous, sparked by deep frustrations, in some cases giving rise to new organisations. Others have been more formally organised within trade union structures or long-standing community organisations.

Questions have been posed around whether the strategy of a hard lockdown was the best option for South Africa. Not unexpectedly for a government intent on implementing “best practice”, the initial lockdown adopted the model piloted in advanced countries and imposed it on a very different society. Instead of finding a new path adapted to our own circumstances as a middle-income country with a fragile economy, a significant burden of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, TB, diabetes and high blood pressure, and a great proportion of the population living in crowded townships and informal settlements and subsisting off the informal economy, it has now simply opened up and stressed personal responsibility.

The one strategy the government has failed to consider is exactly the strategy that could work in our circumstances – working with communities and popular organisations. The government failed to take seriously the numerous challenges facing poor and working-class communities under a lockdown, did not act with the necessary urgency to support them and adopted heavy-handed policing. These failures only produce non-compliance and worsen the effects of the pandemic.

Political frustration and anger has finally provoked a national response from an ad hoc alliance of grassroots organisations and movements from within the People’s Coalition and outside of it – the National Day of Working Class Action on 1 August. Multiple actions took place across the country – from urban centres like Johannesburg, Nelson Mandela Bay and Cape Town, to small rural towns of the Western and Eastern Cape. A diverse set of organisations and groupings participated – casual and precarious workers, farmworkers, community health workers, gender activists, unemployed people’s groups, shack dwellers, land and housing movements, and community organisations, among others.

While many protested, some organisations focused on occupying land to establish food gardens, some pamphleteered against gender violence while others spent the day mobilising for mass action later in the month. Women were often at the forefront of organising and leading these actions across the board.

Many took the opportunity to highlight gender-based violence or a basic income grant. Community health workers highlighted the demand for personal protective equipment and an end to their status as temporary workers, but also raised the need for a universal healthcare system. Workers protested against retrenchments, communities against police brutality, shack dwellers against evictions, housing and land movements for rapid land release. Brutal responses continue.

Many farmworkers have been dismissed, even though they were demonstrating on their day off. Other rural activists have been targeted with death threats. While many of these actions were small, the national spread and the diversity of movements and demands suggests the potential for a broad campaign, if the movement organisations can overcome their differences. Dismissals and death rates suggest this is a necessity.

It is not clear whether, or for how long, Ramaphosa and those aligned to him will survive. South Africa will emerge from the pandemic with a further weakened economy, extensive poverty and joblessness, and a high death toll. Added to this, new reports about the looting of funds that are meant for Covid-19 interventions have pointed fingers even towards those aligned to Ramaphosa, denting the image he has carefully tried to craft about rooting out corruption in the ANC and the government.

These will give Ramaphosa’s enemies in the ANC plenty of ammunition. More immediately, economic interventions will need to be made, but the Ramaphosa regime is steeped in neoliberal thinking, and has made it clear that it is unlikely to charter a new economic direction. This situation confronts the emerging popular movement with difficult strategic choices which will test its ability to mobilise and unify.

Defeating the coronavirus requires pressuring the government to cooperate with it and to continue its work to forge progressive interventions, yet the government’s general neoliberal orientation will require deep resistance during and in the aftermath of the pandemic. DM/MC

Tasneem Essop is a researcher at the Society, Work and Politics Institute (SWOP) at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Karl von Holdt is a professor at SWOP. Both are active in the C-19 People’s Coalition.

 This article is the sixth in a collection that comes out of a collaborative project comparing neoliberal politics and social movement responses in the BRICS countries, supported by the National Institute for the Humanities and the Social Sciences (NIHSS) in South Africa. It is republished with permission from The Wire, an independent online publication in India. The original can be found here.