Tanzania currently stands at a political crossroads, grappling with the rise of authoritarianism under President Samia Suluhu Hassan. What began as an optimistic chapter in the nation’s history, marked by her ascension to the presidency following the controversial rule of John Magufuli, has swiftly transformed into a concerning narrative of democratic backsliding.
Key indicators of this decline include the recent elections, in which Suluhu secured an astonishing 97% of the vote amid the widespread imprisonment of opposition candidates. There have been alarming developments during her tenure that highlight a disturbing departure from core democratic principles.
Tanzania’s political landscape
Since gaining independence in 1961, Tanzania has been predominantly ruled by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party. The introduction of multi-party democracy in the early 1990s marked a significant milestone; however, this political reform has not effectively altered the power dynamics within the country. Transitioning from a one-party state to a multi-party system has been fraught with challenges, including allegations of electoral fraud, violence against opposition members, and ongoing oppression of dissenting voices. Given this historical context, many citizens had hoped Suluhu would serve as a much-needed agent of change, promoting reconciliation and reform.
Contrary to expectations, her presidency has increasingly mirrored the oppressive traits of Magufuli’s administration. Instead of fostering an environment conducive to democratic principles, Suluhu has implemented policies and practices indicative of a regime that prioritises control over democratic engagement.
Constitutional amendments: a step towards centralised power
One of the most concerning aspects of Suluhu’s administration has been the attempt to amend Tanzania’s constitution — particularly in 2025, when discussions surrounding the “Political Parties Act Amendment Bill” emerged. This proposed legislation aimed to solidify governmental oversight over political activities and erode the operational autonomy of opposition parties. The significance of these amendments cannot be overstated; they threaten to concentrate power in the presidency, reducing essential checks and balances within the political structure.
Critics both domestically and internationally condemned these actions as calculated manoeuvres to suppress dissent and entrench the ruling party’s power. By undermining political opposition, Suluhu’s government cultivates a political landscape fraught with fear and repression. This nagging manipulation of legislative processes raises serious concerns regarding the direction of democracy in Tanzania; the amendments appear designed not to encourage transparency or citizen engagement, but to consolidate authoritarian control.
Repression of political opposition: a climate of fear
Under Suluhu’s leadership, the repression of political opposition has become increasingly pronounced. Reports from 2025 depict an alarming trend, with numerous prominent opposition leaders arrested on dubious charges, creating an atmosphere of fear that inhibits civic engagement. The harassment and intimidation of dissenters has become the norm, as the government seeks to quash any challenge to its authority.
This systematic targeting of opposition figures stifles political discourse and severely inhibits the public’s capacity to partake in democratic processes. When opposition leaders are apprehended or silenced, the essential diversity of political thought, critical for a functioning democracy, is compromised. Consequently, citizens become increasingly disillusioned, perceiving their voices as irrelevant in the face of such overwhelming hostility. This cycle of disengagement perpetuates a stifling atmosphere that inhibits political reform and social progress.
Press freedom: the quelling of independent journalism
A defining characteristic of Suluhu’s presidency has been an alarming decline in press freedom. Initial indicators hinted at an easing of restrictions on journalists. However, 2025 has seen a troubling resurgence of intimidation, arbitrary detentions and the harassment of journalists who dare to report critically on the government.
The Media Services Act, passed into law in 2023, introduced stringent regulations that encroach upon journalistic independence, allowing the government to exert control over media narratives. The ramifications of these restrictions are evident, as numerous independent media outlets have been compelled to shut down, significantly limiting the public’s access to unbiased information. This repression is not merely an assault on individual journalists; it strikes at the heart of democracy itself, limiting society’s ability to critically scrutinise governance and hold power to account.
The chilling effect on journalists fosters a media landscape where fear supplants investigative reporting and critical dialogue. In an atmosphere devoid of free expression, the public remains uninformed, deprived of the information necessary to engage meaningfully in the democratic process.
Civil society and grassroots movements
The erosion of political freedoms under Suluhu’s rule has also adversely affected civil society and grassroots movements in Tanzania. Organisations that historically advocated for human rights, democracy and social justice are now under increasing scrutiny and pressure. The government’s chilling stance against dissent suffocates voices that once contributed to an active civic space, rendering civil society organisations largely ineffective in their quest to promote democratic values.
Amid this environment, grassroots movements aiming to foster change and community engagement face significant challenges. Activists who once mobilised citizens to demand accountability and political reform now struggle to gather momentum without fear of arrest or retaliation. The shrinking space for civil society reflects a broader issue — without an active, vocal citizenry, democratic accountability wanes.
The role of the international community
Tanzania’s democratic decline under Suluhu must not be viewed solely as a national issue; it holds broader implications for regional stability and security. The international community, including governments, non-governmental organizations, and regional blocs, must scrutinise these developments. Effective diplomacy, coupled with tangible pressure such as sanctions or conditional aid, may incentivise the Tanzanian government to reconsider its authoritarian tendencies and embrace democratic norms.
Additionally, fostering partnerships with credible local organisations could amplify the voices of those advocating for change. Support for independent media outlets and civil society could create a robust network that challenges oppressive narratives while promoting accountability and transparency.
The trajectory of Tanzania under Suluhu presents a disheartening narrative marked by the erosion of democracy, the stifling of dissent, and the suppression of independent journalism. Contrary to the initial hopes for reform, her administration increasingly reflects the authoritarian tendencies of her predecessor. The consolidation of power, the repression of political opposition, and the deterioration of press freedoms collectively threaten the democratic fabric of the nation.
As Tanzania navigates this tumultuous period, both citizens and the international community must act decisively. Sustained advocacy for democratic principles, respect for human rights, and accountability are essential to ensure that Tanzania does not succumb entirely to authoritarianism. A vibrant, engaged citizenry, supported by an accountable government, is the cornerstone of a functioning democracy — a goal that is increasingly at risk but must not be forsaken. DM