As a country, we conduct routine measurements in both shallow and deep ocean waters within our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending 200 nautical miles surrounding our mainland, as well as in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.
This comprehensive approach acknowledges the profound impact of ocean-atmospheric interactions on South Africa’s weather and climate, necessitating a thorough understanding of ocean processes and their linkages to land. Through dedicated research cruises led by renowned scientists, we strive to comprehend the intricate workings of the ocean while monitoring changes over time.
World Oceans Day on 8 June served as a poignant reminder of the critical role our oceans play in sustaining life on Earth. This year’s theme, “Awaken New Depths,” underscores the importance of delving deeper into our understanding of ocean ecosystems.
Our country boasts some of the longest marine ecological time series on the African continent, encompassing physical, chemical, biological, and biodiversity measurements, with data series extending over 100 years. These efforts, coupled with long-term surveys conducted on coastal islands and in the coastal zone, play a pivotal role in advising marine biodiversity management and conservation efforts, and align with our international obligations.
The insights gleaned from our marine research and monitoring efforts are crucial for proactively guiding policy decisions and amending management interventions in response to evolving ocean health and biodiversity dynamics. Climate change exacerbates these challenges, introducing uncertainties that have far-reaching consequences for our citizens, economy, and national security.
To address this, the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) releases an annual State of the Ocean report, which shares critical findings and keeps stakeholders informed about the condition of our marine ecosystem, thereby supporting informed decision-making and effective action.
Vital protection for Marine Protected Areas
As we navigate the complexities of marine conservation and protection, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) emerge as indispensable tools in our arsenal. By protecting vital marine ecosystems and species through designated areas, we not only conserve biodiversity but also ensure the long-term health of our oceans, which is crucial for sustainable resource management, ecosystem services, and ultimately, human well-being and prosperity.
Before 2019, South Africa only had 25 formally declared MPAs, including Prince Edward Island in the Southern Ocean, and only 0.4% of the EEZ was under protection. In 2019, 20 new or expanded MPAs were declared, increasing the conservation estate of the EEZ to 5.4%, totalling 42 MPAs.
The proclamation of MPAs is a complex process informed by scientific evidence and stakeholder consultation. The most critical aspect is understanding our marine space through routine research work conducted in both shallow and deep ocean waters within the EEZ.
To ensure the effective management of these MPAs, DFFE prioritised the development of 10 comprehensive MPA management plans between 2021 and 2024, in collaboration with partners such as the Benguela Current Convention and WildTrust. These plans aim to realise the objectives for which the MPAs were established, ensuring the sustainable management of our marine resources.
In addition to the formally designated MPAs, South Africa also recognises the importance of what is known as “Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures” (OECMs). While none have been officially designated yet, the recently published National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Bill (which is currently out for public comment) provides a policy framework for the establishment of OECMs.
These conservation areas will provide opportunities to ensure that sustainable use management approaches safeguard biodiversity.
Furthermore, we are committed to implementing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which sets ambitious targets for biodiversity conservation by 2030. Target 3 of this framework, known as the 30x30 target, seeks to conserve at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas. MPAs play a crucial role in achieving this target, providing effective conservation measures for biodiversity hotspots.
Read more in Daily Maverick: Collaboration in SA key to achieving Global Biodiversity Framework targets and goals
It is worth noting that the proclamation of additional offshore MPAs has also prompted various sectors involved in ocean activities to develop specific plans that align with conservation goals. For instance, sectors such as biodiversity conservation, mining, and others have created their own sector-specific plans (e.g. a Biodiversity Plan, a Mining Plan). These plans are designed to be integrated into a comprehensive marine spatial planning framework, which aims to coordinate and manage the different uses of ocean space effectively and sustainably.
Essentially, the creation of these MPAs has led to a more structured and cooperative approach to managing ocean resources and activities.
Read more in Daily Maverick: Marine Protected Areas are our insurance policy for a climate-uncertain future
South Africa recognises the vast potential of its ocean resources and space, which had been underutilised, and sought to harness them in a sustainable and coordinated manner.
In 2014, Operation Phakisa Oceans Economy was launched, prioritising key sectors such as marine transport, offshore oil and gas, aquaculture, coastal tourism, and small harbour development. These sectors were endorsed by political and industry leaders, who committed to streamlining implementation and promoting cooperative approaches.
The government ensured that these industries operate within legal frameworks, prioritising sustainability and fair use of ocean resources. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established to conserve sensitive marine areas, protect marine life, and promote ecotourism. The development of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is underway, aiming to create a legislative framework that promotes orderly and harmonious ocean economic activities, allocating designated zones for different uses.
The Sustainable Oceans Economy initiative continues to unlock the economic potential of South Africa's ocean space, balancing growth with sustainability.
We must continue to deepen our understanding of the ocean and work collaboratively to protect its invaluable resources for the benefit of present and future generations. DM