Illustrative image: Several of the reforms initiated in previous years are meant to start bearing fruit for the judiciary. At the same time, there are major reforms that are yet to get going, without which the judiciary’s independence and effectiveness hangs in the balance. (Image: Generated with Ideogram AI) 
The year 2025 started off dramatically. For two weeks in January, the South African public was fixated on the graphic, harrowing testimony and cross-examination of Ms Andiswa Mengo, a judges’ secretary who has filed a judicial misconduct complaint against Eastern Cape Division of the High Court Judge President Selby Mbenenge, accusing him of sexual harassment.
Judges behaving badly
It is the first time in South African history that a judicial conduct tribunal is investigating sexual harassment allegations against a judge. For many, it was unbelievable to hear such allegations against a senior judge. While the tribunal is only partly through its work, there are already calls for reforms into how complaints of this nature are investigated, including how complainants are cross-examined.
At her interview for chief justice in 2022, now Chief Justice Mandisa Maya undertook to develop a comprehensive policy to deal with sexual harassment in the judiciary. A draft version of this was released by retired Chief Justice Raymond Zondo shortly before his departure.
already pointed out flaws in this policy, calling for its revision. This revision process is already underway, led by Chief Justice Maya. While it will not apply to the Mbenenge tribunal when it resumes in May, the policy will be important for future cases, and the pressure for its implementation will be overwhelming.
In the meantime, yet another judge faces impeachment. In January, the Judicial Conduct Tribunal found Gauteng Division of the High Court Judge Nana Makhubele guilty of gross misconduct for simultaneously holding the position of a judge and chairperson of a state rail agency Prasa, which is unlawful.
Additionally, the tribunal found her involvement at Prasa, including settling legal claims in favour of a company accused of State Capture-related corruption, was incompatible with judicial office.
The Makhubele tribunal report now goes to the Judicial Service Commission (JSC, sitting without Members of Parliament) to decide her fate. If the JSC confirms the guilty finding, it may recommend her impeachment and removal from office.
Later in February, Western Cape Division of the High Court Judge Mushtak Parker is also facing a judicial conduct tribunal. The Cape Bar Council accuses him (and his former law firm partners) of failing to account for millions of rand in client money deposited into their trust accounts.
Accused of lying under oath
Alongside this, the tribunal will also investigate a complaint filed by 10 fellow Western Cape judges who accuse Parker of lying under oath regarding an incident where former Judge President John Hlophe allegedly assaulted him. The tribunal was meant to get under way in 2021 but was delayed by the judge’s illness.
The JSC is under pressure to finalise the matter, one way or another. The judge has been on suspension with full pay of nearly R2-million a year since 2020.
Gauteng Division of the High Court Judge Tshifhiwa Maumela — famously known for presiding over the Senzo Meyiwa murder trial — is also on suspension while his Judicial Conduct Tribunal is paused due to illness. He is accused of taking too long to deliver his judgments, in breach of the Norms of Standards for judges.
While it may raise eyebrows that so many judges are undergoing disciplinary proceedings, it is no cause for alarm. For a long time, the disciplinary system had not been working as it should, and was paralysed by litigation (especially involving impeached judges Hlophe and Motata).
Now that litigation has been resolved, the system is kicking into gear and working as it should. We expect there to be fewer cases going to tribunals in future.
Nevertheless, there are structural issues hobbling the system to hold judges accountable. They need the collective attention of the Chief Justice, the minister of justice and Parliament.
- First, the current process is too convoluted, and the legislation governing judicial misconduct (the JSC Act) needs amending to streamline the process and make it efficient.
- Second, the entire system needs to be properly resourced to bring in retired judges to speedily adjudicate complaints, and a team of dedicated administrative staff (currently, two secretaries and an intern run the whole process).
- Third, the process needs to be transparent. It is an anomaly that judges preside over cases in open court daily, yet misconduct complaints against them are only opened by special permission. The legislation should be amended to ensure that open justice is the default. The JSC should also regularly report to Parliament on the progress of complaints, as required by law.
These three simple steps would go a long way toward fortifying the system that upholds judicial ethics and integrity.
Resourcing the judiciary
On the sidelines of the State of the Nation Address, Chief Justice Mandisa Maya convened an extraordinary meeting between the ministers of finance and justice to plead the case for additional resources for the judiciary.
There is a nationwide shortage of judges across all courts, with a crisis at the Gauteng Division of the High Court, where the earliest trial dates are only available in 2030! There is therefore an urgent need to properly resource the judiciary in line with our growing population and the complexity of the economy.
As an interim measure, the National Treasury needs to immediately allocate funds for the appointment of acting judges to deal with the backlogs. This should be until more funding is found for the appointment of additional judges. The crisis of a shortage of judges is denying hundreds of thousands of people justice and is harming the economy and the rule of law.
Governing the judiciary
Closely linked to resources is the question of who has the final say over the governance of the judiciary. The 2023 judges conference