This photo titled ‘Nudi on Fire’ won the compact camera category. The nudibranch was photographed with an emperor shrimp perched in his head by German photographer Enrico Somogy in Tulamben, Bali. (Photo: © Enrico Somogyi / UPY2024)

‘Attack from Above’ received the runner-up ward in the portrait category. Jon Anderson from the US says: ‘Even more surprising than encountering a bird underwater is having the bird try to attack your camera while hunting for small fish in the kelp forest!’ Jon had numerous cormorants approach him, peck at his head and try to eat his camera at a popular Monterey dive site. This cormorant paused for a moment and Anderson captured this comedic image of it suspended in the water. Countless species depend on healthy kelp forests to thrive but kelp forests have declined by more than 80% in the past decade due to warmer waters and unchecked predation by urchins. (Photo: © Jon Anderson / UPY2024)

The winner of the behaviour category shows a Bryde’s whale engulfing his meal and is aptly titled ‘The End Of A Baitball’. Spanish photographer Rafael Fernandez Caballero was in open waters in Magdalena Bay, Mexico. Bait balls of sardines attracted more species than ever before, thanks to warmer waters as a result of El Niño. (Photo: © Rafael Fernandez Caballero / UPY2024)

‘Chieftain Tanks’ won the wrecks category. Martin Broen from the US was invited to compete in the 1st Aqaba underwater photo competition in Jordan. He viewed an underwater military museum, where war machines are stationed in tactical battle formation 15m to 28m below the surface. He wanted to capture the symmetry of the Chieftain tanks and strong presence of their 120mm guns, but an ambulance prevented him from using his fisheye to get the shot. He took a six-shot panorama from a point between the guns and stitched the photos seamlessly together. (Photo: © Martin Broen / UPY2024)

Byron Conory from Iceland took third place in the macro category. His photograph titled ‘Double Pygmy’, taken in Indonesian waters, is described by judge Peter Rowlands as ‘highly original’. Conory went on a few dives to get an unusual photograph of a common subject – pygmy seahorses. After exploring various sites in Lembeh he found a sea fan housing 14 seahorses. (Photo: © Byron Conory / UPY2024)

‘An abstract portrait of a Potbelly Seahorse’ taken by Australian Talia Greis won the macro category. Shot in the murky waters of Sydney, Greis says she was drawn to this seahorse because of its distinguished markings around the eye. The colour of the seahorse contrasted so well with the coral surrounding it. Seahorses are not rare on Sydney’s dive sites but Greis always wanted to photograph one that stood out. (Photo: © Talia Greis / UPY2024)

‘Twilight smile’ took third place in the wide angle category. French photographer Rodolphe Guignard noticed several dozen lemon sharks surround the dive boat. This was a few miles from Tiger Beach – 20km off the coast of West End in the Grand Bahamas. (Photo: © Rodolphe Guignard / UPY2024)