The charges stem from Special Counsel Jack Smith’s investigation into allegations that Trump – the front-runner for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination – sought to reverse his loss to Democratic rival Joe Biden.

Minutes before the indictment was handed down, Trump posted on his Truth Social media platform that he had heard to expect an indictment.

“I hear that Deranged Jack Smith, in order to interfere with the Presidential Election of 2024, will be putting out yet another Fake Indictment of your favorite President,” he wrote.

Officials have testified that Trump pressured them based on false claims of widespread voting fraud. His supporters attacked the US Capitol on 6 January 2021, in a bid to stop Congress from certifying Biden’s victory.

Trump said on 18 July said he had received a letter from Smith telling him that he was a target of the January 6 grand jury investigation in Washington.

Trump had already become the first former US president to face criminal charges. He has sought to portray the prosecutions as part of a politically motivated witch hunt.

Second round of federal charges

These represent a second round of federal charges by Smith, who was appointed a special counsel in November by US Attorney General Merrick Garland.

Trump pleaded not guilty after a federal grand jury in Miami convened by the special counsel charged him in June in a 37-count indictment over his unlawful retention of classified government documents after leaving office in 2021 and obstructing justice. Prosecutors accused him of risking some of the most sensitive US national security secrets.

Last Thursday, prosecutors added three more criminal counts against Trump, bringing the total to 40, accusing him of ordering employees to delete security videos while he was under investigation for retaining the documents.

The first charges brought against Trump emerged in March when a grand jury convened by Manhattan’s district attorney indicted him. Trump pleaded not guilty in April to 34 felony counts accusing him of falsifying business records concerning a payment to porn star Stormy Daniels to buy her silence before the 2016 election about a sexual encounter she said she had with him. Trump has denied the encounter.

Trump, 77, leads a crowded field of Republican presidential candidates as he seeks a rematch with Biden, 80, next year. Biden launched his re-election campaign in April.

Trump, who served as president from 2017 to 2021, has shown an ability to survive legal troubles, political controversies and personal behaviour that might sink other politicians. Many Republicans – elected officials and voters – have rallied behind Trump, portraying the charges against him as selective prosecution and a Democratic plot to destroy him politically.

Strategists said that while the indictments could help Trump solidify support within his base and win the Republican nomination, his ability to capitalise on them may be more limited in next year’s general election, when he will have to win over more sceptical moderate Republicans and independents.

Meanwhile, his legal woes are mounting. In addition to the three indictments, Trump faces a fourth criminal investigation by a county prosecutor in Georgia into accusations he sought to undo his 2020 election loss in that state.

Documents case

In the documents case, prosecutors accused him of mishandling sensitive classified documents about everything from the US nuclear programme to potential domestic vulnerabilities in the event of an attack.

When the Justice Department tried to get Trump to return the documents, the indictment alleges, he asked his attorneys if they could lie to the government about the existence of the records. He was accused of conspiring with his aide Walt Nauta, who is also charged, to move boxes containing documents around inside his home at the Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida to prevent them from being found. Nauta also has pleaded not guilty.

A second employee, a maintenance worker at Mar-a-Lago, Carlos De Oliveira, was charged on Thursday with conspiracy to obstruct justice, accused of helping Trump to hide documents.

A jury in federal court in Manhattan decided in May in a civil lawsuit that Trump must pay $5-million in damages for sexually abusing former Elle magazine columnist E Jean Carroll in the 1990s and then defaming her by branding her a liar.

His real estate company was convicted in 2022 in Manhattan of tax fraud charges, though he personally was not charged in that case.

Special counsels are sometimes appointed to investigate politically sensitive cases and they do their jobs with a degree of independence from the Justice Department leadership.

Before being appointed by Garland to take over the two Trump-related investigations, Smith had served as the chief prosecutor for the special court in The Hague, tasked with prosecuting war crimes in Kosovo, oversaw the Justice Department’s public integrity section and worked as a federal and state prosecutor in New York.

Capitol attack

In the 6 January 2021 rampage at the Capitol, Trump’s supporters used a variety of weapons including chemical sprays and riot shields to attack police and infiltrate the building, forcing lawmakers to flee for their lives. Five people died during and shortly after the chaos, while about 140 police officers were injured. Before the attack, Trump told supporters in an incendiary speech near the White House to march to the Capitol and “fight like hell” to “stop the steal” of the election.

More than 1,000 people have been charged with crimes arising from the riot, including some who have been convicted of seditious conspiracy.

Trump and his allies lost a series of election-related lawsuits challenging the election results based on false claims of fraud. As his presidency wound down, Trump continued to push this false narrative, ignoring warnings from some of his White House advisers, former Attorney General William Barr and other officials that there was no evidence of widespread fraud.

A 2022 investigative report by a Democratic-led US House of Representatives committee found that Trump “corruptly pressured” former Vice President Mike Pence to refuse to count the state-by-state electoral votes that determine an election’s outcome during a joint session of Congress.

As part of that alleged scheme, the committee said Trump and several of his advisers oversaw a plot to have electors in pivotal states where Trump lost – such as Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, New Mexico and Pennsylvania – to submit fraudulent documentation to Congress and the US National Archives and Records Administration that he had actually won those states.

(Reporting by Jacqueline Thomsen and Sarah N Lynch; Writing by Joseph Ax; Editing by Scott Malone, Will Dunham and Howard Goller.)