After it came to light that Ace Magashule, the secretary-general of the ANC, would be charged with corruption, fraud and money laundering, speculation was rife that he might be forced to “step aside” in accordance with the National Executive Committee’s (NEC’s) earlier decision.

However, Magashule dismissed this idea after his first court appearance, claiming that he would only step aside when branches at a special conference demanded that he do so.

At first, the NEC decision that those charged with corruption should “step aside from their positions or responsibilities” was widely interpreted as an order that those in the party charged with corruption should resign from their positions.

But the statement was ambiguous, and “stepping aside” can also refer to the need to temporarily refrain from exercising the powers attached to one’s position, while retaining one’s position and membership of the party.

The latter meaning of “stepping aside” raises legal problems as there are no legal mechanisms to facilitate such a temporary abdication of responsibilities.

Here, it is important to note that the legal position of those who hold positions in the ANC differs from the position of those who serve in government (at any level), and those who serve as elected representatives in the various legislatures and in municipal councils.

The position of ANC office-holders like Magashule is governed by the ANC constitution, and any action taken against Magashule or other office bearers must be authorised by that constitution.

This was confirmed by the Constitutional Court in Ramakatsa v Magashule, ironically a case in which the court declared the provincial elective conference of 2012 ANC Free State province (presided over by Ace Magashule) unlawful and invalid because various irregularities had occurred in the run-up to the conference.

The ANC constitution does not provide for ANC members to “step aside”. It does empower the NEC to “take all steps necessary or warranted for the due fulfilment of the aims and objectives of the ANC and the due performance of its duties”.

While it could be argued that these provisions empower the NEC to issue binding instructions to office bearers to “step aside”, it is far from clear-cut, as the NEC is required to exercise these powers in accordance with the ANC constitution and may not “rewrite” the constitution through the adoption of new mechanisms to discipline party members and office bearers.

Similarly, there is no provision in the South African Constitution or ordinary legislation providing for a member of the national or provincial legislature or municipal council to temporarily “step aside” from their duties.

A political party can instruct an MP, member of the provincial legislature or municipal council to resign, but, as I have previously explained, such an individual is not legally obliged to obey an instruction from their party to resign as an elected representative. (Such a refusal may, however, have adverse consequences for the individual, as I explain in more detail below.)

Of course, it would be perfectly legal for the ANC to remove one of its MPs as chair of a portfolio committee in the National Assembly (NA). Political parties select their representatives to serve on each portfolio committee and can remove a member from a committee at any time.

Nothing therefore prevents the ANC from removing fraud and corruption accused Bongani Bongo as chair of the home affairs portfolio committee in the NA.

The fact that Bongo has not been removed tells its own story.

The ANC can also engineer the removal of executive mayors implicated in corruption by instructing council members to support a vote of no confidence in the ANC mayor.

The Constitution or ordinary legislation does not provide for a minister, MEC or mayoral committee member to temporarily “step aside”.

Section 25.17 of the ANC constitution contains a long list of disciplinary offences, including various offences aimed at instilling party discipline and ensuring enforcement of NEC directives.

However, the president, premiers or executive mayors are empowered to remove any minister, MEC or mayoral committee member from office. This is because these are political appointees who serve at the pleasure of the head of the executive, and do not enjoy the same labour law protection enjoyed by ordinary employees.

(At best, it could be argued that their removal must be rational, which would require no more than that they are not removed for a corrupt or other ulterior purpose.)

This does not mean the ANC is powerless to act against its public representatives and office bearers who are charged with corruption or other criminal offences and refuse to resign from their positions.

A political party is a voluntary association, and members who join a political party agree to abide by its constitution and its other rules and regulations. Its elected office bearers and public representatives are therefore not employees in the traditional sense.

They are bound by an onerous disciplinary code aimed at maintaining party discipline and protecting the reputation of the organisation. They are entitled to procedurally fair treatment, in accordance with pre-approved rules contained in the party’s constitution.

But unless they launch a successful challenge to the constitutionality of specific disciplinary rules in the party’s constitution, they are bound by its provisions.

As is the case with any political party in South Africa, the ANC constitution contains various provisions empowering the organisation to enforce party discipline and to ensure that its public representatives and office bearers obey directives issued by the NEC.

If the ANC had the political will to do so, it could use these provisions to suspend or even expel members who have brought the party into disrepute through their dubious association with corruption.

(However, a political party riven by factional divisions and saddled with an indecisive leader not fully in control of his or her party, is unlikely to take such drastic action against its leaders implicated in corruption.)

The NEC and several other ANC structures are empowered to “institute disciplinary proceedings against any member, office bearer or public representative in respect of any act of misconduct” (section 25.9).

Section 25.17 of the ANC constitution contains a long list of disciplinary offences, including various offences aimed at instilling party discipline and ensuring enforcement of NEC directives.

Thus, an ANC member of a legislative body who refuses to resign his or her seat despite being instructed to do so in terms of their “contract of deployment”, could face disciplinary charges for “failing, refusing or neglecting to execute or comply with any ANC Policy, Standing Order, Rule, Regulation or Resolution adopted or made in terms of this Constitution”.

In terms of section 25.21 of the ANC constitution, a member found guilty of any disciplinary offence may be suspended or expelled from the party and, in the case of an office bearer like Ace Magashule, may be removed or suspended from office.

An ANC member, office bearer or public representative who engages in any unethical or immoral conduct or other actions that may bring or has the potential to bring the ANC into disrepute can also be disciplined.

Note that being charged with a criminal offence or being convicted of a crime is not required before disciplinary action can be taken, so the “innocent until proven guilty” defence (unwarranted as it is in this context) is not applicable.

Political parties include such provisions in their constitutions because a party can suffer catastrophic damage to its reputation when one of its leaders does something unethical or immoral, or is caught engaging in criminal conduct.

Some of the damage would occur long before the party leader is charged or convicted of any crime, which was ironically the reason given by former president Thabo Mbeki for firing Jacob Zuma as deputy president.

This point may appear to be obvious, but it is not universally accepted in South Africa, so an example might help to clarify matters.

Say the president of the ANC is caught on video taking a bribe from a CIA agent or a member of the “Stellenbosch Mafia”, or is caught on video assaulting and killing a sex worker, or is arrested for sexually abusing several underaged girls, the ANC will suffer immense reputational damage, long before (and regardless of whether) the president is charged or convicted of any of these crimes.

A political party that cares about the damage this could do to its electoral support will take swift action against such a leader. (I leave it to the reader to decide whether the ANC under present conditions would do so.)

In terms of section 25.21 of the ANC constitution, a member found guilty of any disciplinary offence may be suspended or expelled from the party and, in the case of an office bearer like Ace Magashule, may be removed or suspended from office.

A person may also be temporarily suspended before commencement of the disciplinary hearing. (It is important to note that a member of the legislature who is expelled from their political party automatically loses their seat in the legislature.)

It is therefore clear that the NEC has extensive powers to deal with party members charged with (or implicated in) corruption, notwithstanding the legal advice regarding the illegality of the “stepping aside” order.

It is also clear that (at present, at least) the NEC is politically unable and/or unwilling to use these powers against powerful party leaders. DM