From the tiny squeaking desert rain frog on the Namaqualand coast of South Africa to the little freshwater Twee River redfin endemic to the eastern Cederberg part of the Olifants River System, some species in South Africa are in crisis and guarding against their extinction is an expensive, time-consuming process.

Over the next five years, investments exceeding R1-billion are needed to recover species that are on the brink of extinction and under threat in South Africa, according to cost estimates based on Red List assessments done by the South Africa National Biodiversity Institute (Sanbi) and its partners.

This was revealed at the South African satellite event of Reverse the Red’s World Species Congress last week, where speakers from national conservation and biodiversity organisations, NPOs, public sector and special interest groups came together to take stock of the status of species conservation in South Africa.

Under the spotlight was the work that’s being done to save species on the brink of extinction and address species conservation challenges that remain unmet.

Conservation efforts are being undertaken in South Africa through landscape and seascape conservation initiatives.

But Domitilla Raimondo, the threatened species programme manager at Sanbi, asked: “What happens when those efforts are not enough? Where stopping habitat loss and protecting areas is not enough and they [species] are too threatened to be conserved by these landscape-level initiatives?”

Guidance has recently been developed by the Global Species Action Plan from the International Union for Conservation of Nature, supporting the implementation of the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, to assess the conservation status of all species and identify those needing targeted recovery action.

This is to inform Target 4 of the framework, which has 23 action-oriented global targets until 2030 to halt the human-induced extinction of threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species.

Raimondo said that South Africa had completed Red List assessments for 12 taxonomic groups in South Africa.

These show what proportion of species are threatened with extinction. The bigger circle shows all the species in that group, and the smallest circle shows how many are endemic. The colours show how threatened they are — red is critically endangered, orange is endangered, yellow is vulnerable, brown is if not enough is known about it, and green means they are under no threat.

After the Red List assessments were done, Raimondo said they were able to identify which species needed what and which ones were in serious trouble.

“Over the last three weeks, I’ve asked all our species experts to spend the effort on what species need recovery and exactly what they need. Do they need site management, invasive clearing, ex situ conservation and reintroductions, how much is that going to cost? They came up with detailed spreadsheets that allow us to do the costs,” she said.

It was found that investments exceeding R1-billion over the next five years were needed to recover species on the brink of extinction and under threat in South Africa.

This assessment forms part of the proposed actions from the Global Species Action Plan.

The Cape gannet. (Photo: BirdLife South Africa)

Species in urgent need of recovery actions

“We have the expertise, the track record and the scientific and biodiversity proficiency to effectively halt the rapid decline of species toward extinction. We have done well and, in many respects, set best practice standards that other regions and nations follow. However, much remains to be done,” Raimondo said.

1 Freshwater fish

Based on the above, the most threatened wildlife group in South Africa is its freshwater fish. Thirty-five freshwater fish species and 30% of all the freshwater fish in South Africa are in urgent need of recovery action. These include the giant redfin, Clanwilliam sandfish and the Barrydale redfin.

Conservation interventions have begun for 11 out of the 35 species. To recover all the species, R168,105,000 is needed over the next five years, whereas the expenditure for the past five years was only R18,680,000, meaning a nine-fold increase in spending is needed.

2 Amphibian species 

Amphibian species are the next-most threatened group in South Africa with 11 in need of urgent recovery, including the rough moss frog, Table Mountain ghost frog, micro frog and the desert rain frog. Raimondo said  10% of South Africa’s amphibians needed urgent management interventions and interventions had begun for only six of the 11 species.

To achieve the necessary targets, a four-fold scaling up of resources was required. To recover all species over the next five years, R92.5-million is needed, as opposed to the R22.3-million that was spent over the past five years.

“A lot of critically endangered species are highly impacted by invasive alien plant species, and many of them are restricted only to one or two sites. The desert rain frog is collapsing at the moment because of climate change and mining,” Raimondo said.

3 Mammal species

South Africa has 14 mammal species in need of urgent recovery action, including the Hartmann’s mountain zebra, black rhinoceros and bontebok. Fifty per cent of these are small mammals, like the riverine rabbit and De Winton’s golden mole, which are critically endangered.

Raimondo said, “Golden moles in particular have not yet had a lot of conservation attention, so there’s work needed. We haven’t managed to do a proper costing analysis yet on mammals; it’s incredibly difficult because there’s so many partners … but it’s pretty high numbers needed for mammal consultation.”

Five per cent of South Africa’s 299 mammal species need urgent management interventions, all species are receiving management interventions and no scaling up of resources is needed.

4 Bird species

Two per cent of South Africa’s 732 bird species — 16 — are in need of urgent recovery action.

“Botha’s lark is crashing, so is the blue swallow. Our vultures are in big trouble — a lot of work is happening on them, but they are still in very serious trouble,” Raimondo said.

Half of the birds that need urgent intervention are marine species. The African penguin is declining extremely fast with much needed to conserve its fishing grounds.

Read more in Daily Maverick: Lawsuit launched against environment minister in bid to halt African penguin extinction

Management interventions have begun for all 16 species, but these need to be upscaled 15-fold, according to cost estimates.

Raimondo said that to recover all 16 species, R695-million was required for the next five years as opposed to the R44.85-million spent over the past five years.

Long-tailed cormorant. (Photo: Caroline Rowbottom)

5 Plant species

South Africa has 109 plant species in need of urgent recovery action. Raimondo said management interventions had begun for only 15 of these (14%).

“We have a big challenge with plants in that many of them are being illegally poached. While we can collect them for ex situ conservation, we can’t yet put them back. Overall, we’re only working on 15 out of 109,” she said.

Raimondo said a 40-fold upscaling of resources was needed to recover all the plant species, requiring an expenditure of R309.80-million over the next five years as opposed to the R7.69-million that was spent over the past five years.

“We know what it’s going to take to achieve our Target 4 and it requires a significant upscaling of our investment. We have the know-how, we have the knowledge of what’s needed, we have the people, we just need the financing,” Raimondo said.

The overwhelming sentiment at the South African satellite event was that it is possible to bring these species back from the brink of extinction.

Can we ‘reverse the red’ for marine fish species?

Dr Judy Mann-Lang from the Two Oceans Aquarium Foundation told the story of a recovery that took 26 years.

The species is the seventy-four seabream, the Polysteganus undulosus, a fish species endemic to southern Africa and found from Cape Town to southern Mozambique.

The name “seventy-four” was given to it because it supposedly resembles the man-o’-war ships of old that had 74 gun ports.

Mann-Lang said the seventy-four — which grows up to 100cm and has a lifespan of over 20 years — was heavily exploited and intensively targeted throughout the 20th century by commercial and recreational line-fishing vessels, especially in their spawning grounds in southern KwaZulu-Natal.

Mann-Lang said that in the 1910s, commercial and recreational fishers were catching about 1,400 tonnes of seventy-four each year. By 1923, this had dropped to about 600 tonnes. By the 1950s, it was under 400. By 1985, the species had virtually disappeared from the catch.

In the 1950s, fishermen requested authorities to do something about declining catches. In 1962-63, the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) did some studies on the biology of the seventy-four.

In 1985, the first regulations were implemented and reviewed in 1992. In 1996, ORI conducted a stock assessment which found there was only 5% of the spawning biomass left — they still had a massive problem.

In 1998, South Africa implemented a 10-year moratorium on catching seventy-fours. In 2007, the species showed little sign of recovery and the moratorium was extended for another 10 years.

In 2019, there was a rezoning of the Aliwal Shoal to close seventy-four spawning areas, and South Africa declared new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and offshore MPAs to protect the deeper reefs where the adults and juveniles live.

In 2024, there is now a draft Red List assessment to downgrade the seventy-four from “critically endangered” to “endangered”. After 26 years of efforts to halt the decline, signs of recovery of the seventy-four are starting to appear.

“We are starting to see signs after 10 years of the moratorium of recovery of this incredible species. Twenty-six years, the first 10 years and the second 10 years plus another six years. It takes time, but we’re starting to see signs of recovery.

“Fishermen are saying now that they are catching this fish when they fish on the deep reefs. We’re also starting to see on our baited remote underwater cameras signs of seventy-four… For conservationists, for us to see this happening is incredible,” Mann-Lang said.

She said this showed it was possible to reverse the red. “It’s difficult and takes time but it can be done. When we first saw these videos, we actually cried because we realised just how vulnerable these fish were and how conservation action can help.” DM