More people are dying in more incidents of police action as the numbers are up — again. And KwaZulu-Natal recorded the highest number of deaths — 222 in 123 instances of police action.

Nationwide, 558 people died as a result of police action in 436 instances during the 2017/18 financial year. That’s up from 467 deaths resulting from 394 instances of police action just year earlier, up from the 366 incidents recorded in the 2015/16 financial year.

According to the Ipid 2017/18 annual report, deaths as a result of police action include seven “innocent bystanders” shot dead with police service firearms, 18 deaths of pedestrians struck by police vehicles and eight deaths, including one by suffocation, recorded during police crowd management cases.

Most deaths, however, were those of suspects: 165 died during the commission of a crime, with the majority shot by police, and 142 died during arrest — again most were shot dead by police.

KwaZulu-Natal has also recorded the most torture complaints against police, 119 of the total of 217 — and up from the 80 complaints lodged the preceding 2016/17 financial year — followed by Free State (39) and Mpumalanga (32). The complaints in the Free State and Mpumalanga more than doubled from 25 and 19 respectively.

While the overall number of rape cases Ipid investigated against police is down — to 105 from 112 the preceding year — the number of rape by on-duty police officials is up, to 43 complaints from 35 a year earlier. Most rape cases against police have been recorded in the Free State (11) and Western Cape (10).

If there is good news it is that the number of police assaults has dropped somewhat to 3,661 in the 2017/18 financial year, from 3,827 the previous 2016/17 financial year. And the number of deaths in police custody is down by a third, to 201 from 302 the preceding year.

But questions must be asked over the causes of death in police custody. Several of the deaths are attributed to injury sustained prior to detention, raising questions over timeous medical attention during police custody. Ten deaths arose through assaults by other inmates in police detention, raising questions about why the commotion in police cells was not noticed.

A significant proportion of deaths in police custody — 58 of the 201 — were by suicide, raising questions why those detained were allowed to keep belts, shoe laces or even tracksuit laces. One of the suicides was hanging by electric cord and three by rope.

But the Ipid annual report also shows the police watchdog is battling to clear its backlog of 3,434 complaints — and to speedily finalise its dockets. The highest completion rate is recorded in cases of rape in police custody — nine out of nine — and deaths in police custody, although Gauteng sticks out like a sore thumb with its 34% rate amid the high-80 percentages and 100% in Limpopo.

In other categories the completion percentages range from 69 of the 105 rape complaints involving on and off-duty police, 45% for corruption cases to 31% for assault cases and 18% for torture complaints.

A key reason is lack of funding. Ipid has long called for more funding, and for those financial allocations not to come through the police budget, but independently, given its role as police watchdog.

“The reality of the constrained financial resources affected the performance of the core programme, namely investigations and information management. This can be seen in the performance figures. As a strategic intervention, the Ipid scaled down general investigations and prioritised life-and-limb matters, serious violations of human rights and corruption,” writes Ipid boss Robert McBride, in the annual report overview.

Regardless in the 2017/18 financial year, Ipid obtained 99 criminal convictions — including 33 for assault, five for rape and 32 for deaths resulting from police action. McBride writes these criminal convictions include five life sentences in four murder verdicts and one rape conviction.

But none of this is readily apparent from the SAPS 2017/18 annual report. Nor was it immediately clear how the SAPS in its annual report dealt with the 931 cases involving police officers Ipid says came on the court roll in the year under consideration. The majority are assaults of various seriousness (455), but also murder (155), rape (91) and attempted murder (93), according to the Ipid 2017/18 annual report.

The disjunction could be because of methodology — perhaps the SAPS sees the cases against its members as part of the prosecuting authority reporting criteria — or a time delay due to internal processes. It’s not necessarily unique, given also the differing sets of statistics on convictions and trial-ready dockets arising between the SAPS and National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) annual reports. For example, Ipid claims 234 disciplinary convictions arising out of its recommendations — stating that there were a total of 311 disciplinary convictions of SAPS members, and 36 dismissals.

But the SAPS 2017/18 annual report appears to record at least 284 dismissals noted in two separate sections dealing with misconduct.

One, dominated by fraud, corruption and related matters, shows the SAPS finalised 274 of 315 internal disciplinary cases against its members. The total of 151 guilty verdicts, including 64 dismissals, largely seems to be for corruption and defeating the ends of justice. One count of aiding an escapee against an East London constable led to a not guilty verdict because “only two posted at cells to manage 23 prisoners — shortage of members evident”.

The other misconduct section, this time under the heading of “Labour Relations”, indicates 1,960 outcomes from 2,414 cases, including 629 acquittals and 258 withdrawals. The remaining 1,073 cases, according to the SAPS 2017/18 annual report, led to, among others, 220 dismissals, 341 final written warnings, 198 suspensions without payment and 90 instances of what’s called “corrective counselling”.

The disciplinary guilty verdicts, included eight for murder and nine for rape — it is not immediately clear if police also pursued criminal charges — 399 for failure to comply with an act, regulation or legal obligation, 315 for “improper, disgraceful and unacceptable” conduct, 18 for operating a money-lending scheme for employees during working hours and from official premises, 12 guilty verdicts for having “prevented another employee form belonging to any trade union”, while 41 reported drunk for duty, six “without authorisation, slept on duty”.

As Ipid continues to be the statutory police watchdog with a budget of R315.1-million in the current financial year, the SAPS as at 31 March 2018 had set aside R6.5-billion in contingent liabilities for claims against it. DM