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No, Prof Tomlinson, SA’s basic education system is not in ruins, it’s on the rise

Folk devils and moral panics result in manufactured outrage, designed to scare users of public schooling and deter private-sector investment in South Africa’s basic education sector.

In his 22 November article in Daily Maverick, Call it what it is — the SA education system is in complete ruins, Professor Mark Tomlinson succumbs to a flawed yet common belief: the assumption that present challenges in the basic education sector suggest a more favourable past for South Africa’s education.

This viewpoint is a classic embodiment of sociologist Stanley Cohen’s theory of Folk Devils and Moral Panics. This narrative portrays the Department of Basic Education as folk devils intent on ruining the sector. Tomlinson casts himself as a moral crusader, stirring up manufactured outrage to return the system to its glory days.

Reflect on Tomlinson’s “ruins” metaphor, suggesting a once-grand entity now deteriorated. Is this apt for South Africa’s basic education? When was it more effective? This question challenges the metaphor and invites a nuanced view of the system’s challenges and progress.

Hankering for the pre-1994 glory days isn’t unique to Tomlinson; it’s a pattern shared by academics such as Dr Mamphela Ramphele and Professor Jonathan Jansen.

Stats SA surveys reveal that education access for seven to 15-year-olds has improved significantly and is now nearly universal. Early childhood development (ECD) opportunities have also increased: fewer than 40% of five-year-olds attended educational institutions in 2002, compared to almost 90% recently.

Fewer than one in 20 black South Africans born in the 1940s completed 12 years of education. By 1960, this was about one in 10. For those born in the 1980s and finishing school in the late 1990s, it was about three in 10. According to household survey data from 2021, the figure is now nearly six in 10.

Quality of education

Okay, so way more people today have access to education. But what about the quality of that education, you may ask?

Since joining international learning assessments in 1995, South Africa initially showed low and unequal levels in mathematics and science.

However, from 2002 onwards, the country has become one of the fastest improvers in all three assessments it participates in: Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS); Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (Pirls); and Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (Seacmeq).

This progress, alongside expanded schooling access, marks a significant achievement.

A notable caveat in the recent Pirls results is the decline in Grade 4 children’s reading comprehension between 2016 and 2021, primarily due to the Covid-19 pandemic’s disruption of schooling. This trend reflects the impact of extended school closures rather than a system “in ruins”.

Improvements in basic education have led to more people qualifying for university and completing higher education. Since 2008, the number of bachelor-level passes in National Senior Certificate (NSC) exams has tripled, and undergraduate degree completions have doubled since 2009.

Infrastructure

Beyond educational outcomes, school infrastructure has seen significant improvements. The 1996 Schools Register of Needs study found fewer than half of the schools had adequate facilities. However, the 2022 School Monitoring Survey shows substantial advancements: 87% now have proper toilets, 81% have access to running water, and 93% have electricity, indicating marked system improvements.

There is also a wide range of care and support programmes nowadays that have contributed to learners’ wellbeing and mitigated poverty’s effects in poor households. These include learner transport, no-fee schools, fee exemptions for needy children in fee-charging schools, and the National School Nutrition Programme, through which more than 9.6 million children receive a nutritious meal daily.

Nuanced picture

None of this is to say that everything is perfect or to justify the ongoing inequalities in the system. But we must be able to hold a more nuanced picture of reality that there can be ongoing problems and improvements simultaneously. Simply pointing to the issues and concluding or implying that things have deteriorated is ill-informed, if not intellectually dishonest.

Tomlinson substantiates his elaborate metaphor of ruins (which is dragged through his entire article) with only two indicators of educational outcomes.

First, he refers to the recent Pirls study showing a drop in the percentage of children who learn to read with meaning. I have already dealt with this, indicating that it was entirely driven by the school closures and lost teaching time caused by the pandemic. However, Tomlinson does not mention the pandemic in his discussion nor acknowledge the improving trend in Pirls before the pandemic.

Second, he quotes a statistic suggesting that only 14% of SA children qualify for university. Unfortunately, this is an old statistic and Tomlinson fails to note how this outcome has improved. The number of bachelor passes has roughly tripled since 2008.

In the 2022 National Senior Certificate (NSC) exams, 278,814 candidates achieved a bachelor pass, and a further 193,357 obtained a diploma pass, which amounts to 69.4% of the NSC candidates and about 40% of the total cohort of learners passing through the system.

Specifics

But what about Tomlinson’s recommendations for change? Aside from merely rhetorical calls for change to be radical, visionary and courageous and warnings against “Band-Aid solutions”, his article is very lean on specific practical recommendations. In the end, there are three leading suggestions.

First, Tomlinson calls for an early learning system with the goal of socio-emotional learning. Of course, this is important and is currently top of the government’s educational priorities. The recent shift of ECD functions from the Department of Social Development to the Department of Basic Education has initiated a comprehensive process of improving early learning opportunities, which builds on the improved access achieved in recent years.

The recently launched Thrive by Five Index measures a range of physical, socio-emotional and cognitive development outcomes, showing the government’s intent to focus on precisely these areas. A new ECD service model is being developed to provide flexible, age-appropriate programmes, streamline registration for subsidies, enhance the ECD workforce through training programmes, and integrate children’s healthcare partnering with the Department of Health.

Tomlinson recommends a “tech injection” in education. However, research shows that ed-tech isn’t a panacea. Technology for coaching teachers or providing laptops hasn’t yielded positive results. Additionally, ed-tech might negatively impact learning, as some evaluations have already shown.

Tomlinson’s third suggestion is to help children reconnect with nature and consider how climate change will disrupt food systems. This is admirable, and the government is working to strengthen aspects of education for sustainability across the curriculum, but does this kind of highly aspirational thinking fit Tomlinson’s own diagnosis of the problems being foundational literacy and numeracy to allow more people to complete school and qualify for university?

Clearly, calling for a “system overhaul” is easier than offering practical recommendations. Education system change is lengthy and complex, but South Africa’s basic education system is on the rise.

We encourage all stakeholders, like Tomlinson, to engage with government documents such as the Medium-Term Strategic Framework and the Action Plan to 2030: Towards the Realisation of Schooling, 2030, providing detailed plans and analyses of challenges. Engaging with these documents is more constructive than relying on foils and non-sequiturs. DM

Comments (10)

Senzo Moyakhe Nov 30, 2023, 10:39 AM

"These are the ruins of our education system. Let us call it what it is. The South African education system is in ruins. Centuries of colonisation and apartheid ensured this ruination. And I would contend that a singular lack of imagination and vision since 1994 has ensured we have remained mostly stagnant." This is one part of Professor Tomlinson's opinion piece that has struck a chord with my line of thought. Having grown up in a township and attended one of the most prestigious schools in SA (I started high school just as the Model C system came online) means that I straddled the fence. I've experienced the vast disparities at the coalface. There is no doubt that the post-colonial and Apartheid era education system needed dismantling, but the ANC approach to that dismantling was an extension of their blinkered approach to ripping apart anything that had 'White South Africa' as part of its history. There was a lot that was right about the 'White education system' at the time. The '...singular lack of imagination and vision since 1994 has ensured we have remained mostly stagnant' is a major part of the problem we face today. And I disagree with the Professor, we have not remained stagnant, we have regressed terribly. Not taking what was right about 'White education' and re-engineering it appropriately to take the Bantu education system and throw it in the bin is the imaginative element of the required solution.

Senzo Moyakhe Nov 30, 2023, 11:38 AM

Sorry, the last sentence should read "Taking what was right about ‘White education’ and re-engineering it appropriately so that it could take on the Bantu education system and throw that in the bin, is the imaginative element of the required solution."

PETER BAKER Nov 30, 2023, 03:17 PM

Funny thing to write "Centuries of colonization and apartheid ensured this ruination." If this is the cause of the colossal failure of the Education system in SA, why are all the other post-colonial countries not suffer the miserable failure of the educational system from start to finish? India (also had an apartheid during the colonial period), Australia, Canada, Zimbabwe, Argentina, all former colonies and all have good educational systems. What has set us apart and miles behind everyone else has been the ruinous policies of an ANC government.

Senzo Moyakhe Nov 30, 2023, 08:20 PM

A deliberate, legislated system of bringing below grade education to the majority of the population is ruinous. This was Bantu education. These other countries that had been colonised did not legislate a system aimed at bringing a lower standard of education to one section of the population. When that section happens to be 80% of the population, a seed for disaster has been planted. 'White education' in SA was at the same level (or even above) as the other countries that were previously colonised by European settlers. Continuing with a homogenous education system was relatively simple. In SA, the education system was segregated in the same way the racial segregation laws were implemented. Re-integrating these education systems was always going to be a massive challenge, especially due to the heavily lopsided resource and infrastructural endowments present right from foundation phase through to tertiary education institutions. These were - and unfortunately still are - the elements that required "...imagination and vision..." that the ANC hopelessly failed to address. Sadly, an additional 30 years (an entire generation) has been piled upon this decay. So much longer and much more difficult to fix. The Minister quotes all these pretty numbers, nice to see on paper and make TV comments. What is present on the ground largely goes opposite to what she is saying in my corner of SA. I suspect it is pretty much the same in all corners of the country.

Cunningham Ngcukana Nov 30, 2023, 12:16 PM

One of the things that one rejects with the contempt it deserves is that our basic education is very poor. I find this argument as complete rubbish when one compares what the science education syllabus is about. As a person who has done mathematics in matric I have seen with my own children the difference between the syllabus one did under Bantu education and now. In mathematics we only met differential calculus, statistics, mathematics of finance at university. This goes for mathematical literacy that has statistics and other elements that in my view are enough for the university admission for accounting. The lies the DA, Maimane and Tomlison peddle are having no basis in fact in terms of the pass requirements. You need to look at the admission requirements of our universities that debunk these lies that repeated by these plumbers with regularity. In fact during our times you would meet information technology at university level but children are taught CAT at high school level and this enables them to reach tertiary education being computer literate. In my view the current matriculants are employable than we were as school leavers. The only thing is to ensure that we have the requisite science teachers as the Investec CSI has shown in its commendable programme. People have to really provide a comparative analysis of the syllabi and say what is poor about our basic education. There are problems in our education system but not standards. I can show the clowns concretely.

Ben Harper Nov 30, 2023, 01:09 PM

Until your beloved party pays back the millions you stole from the poorest of the poor you remain irrelevant and hypocrites

Pieter van de Venter Nov 30, 2023, 12:44 PM

Was this written by AI?

Kanu Sukha Dec 3, 2023, 11:40 PM

I was thinking the same ... which shows how 'dangerous' a propaganda tool it could become ?

Alan Thompson Nov 30, 2023, 01:02 PM

I’m afraid the minister’s reply actually makes the picture worse by refusing to accept reality. - He did not “suggest a more favourable past for South Africa’s education”, he literally said “Centuries of colonisation and apartheid ensured this ruination“ - It’s great more children are going to school. I don’t recall anyone saying this was a bad thing. His article makes the point that what they learn when they get there is internationally sub-standard, inadequate for the modern world and going backwards. - The selective choice of statistics is revealing. The rapid improvement in TIMSS still has SA still in the bottom 3! Lastly, the minister’s credibility collapsed when she - or more likely her staff - write, “87% now have proper toilets, 81% have access to running water, and 93% have electricity” Did she really write this and consider it an achievement worth shouting about? There is no better illustration of the ANC’s educational myopia than they are proud that after 30 years c. 3,000 schools have pit latrines & more than 4,000 have no access to running water. It is impossible to read the rest of the article and believe anything is positive once this comment has been digested.

Andrew C Nov 30, 2023, 02:35 PM

Indeed. Around 1 in 10 schools do not have electricity or proper toilets. 2 in 10 do not have running water. How can you possibly educate children like this? Mbeki told us about 15 years ago that all schools would have proper toilets by the end of that year. The fact our children test amongst the worst in the world for reading is appalling. How can they possibly expect to compete globally?

PETER BAKER Nov 30, 2023, 01:29 PM

As a so called "professional" employing people from those with no real or meaningful education, to those with a Dr. in front of their name, I can sadly attest to the across the board failure of the education system in this country. Over the years as employees with a pre 1990's education retired from work, to the present day post 2000 graduates, I have noted an alarming inability of young people, with a supposed matric qualification, to comprehend simple functional instructions or to do simple arithmetic calculations or to understand very basic numeracy. But if you need to know only 30% of a subject to pass what more can be expected? South African education is a failure, and under its present control by an ANC government and a highly politicized trade union controlled force of school teachers, there is no hope for any real improvement. Despite Motshekga's claims, I would say that even Bantu Education, for all its badness, graduated people who were worthy of the piece of paper. Today's paper handed out by Motshekga is really worthless. She, despite stating from the outset that quality vs. quantity was the issue she has gone on to show the reader that it is all about numbers passing through the system, and not an iota about what students actually learn and are capable of doing with the worthless certificate Motshekga and Co. have presented the poor kid. Now this high school graduate is in university learning to be an accountant or medical doctor or school teacher and has no basic knowledge but only needs 30% to "pass"....that's why the ANC sends its sick comrades to Mother Russia for medical attention, the ANC is bankrupt, and the ANC education is in a downward spiral...... ABANC.

Senzo Moyakhe Nov 30, 2023, 08:31 PM

Seeing as you say that Bantu education graduated people who were worthy of the piece of paper, what was the worth/value of that piece of paper? The comment you make here is disingenuous, cynical and displays a distinct lack disregard to what Bantu education did to the SA population.

PETER BAKER Dec 1, 2023, 11:14 AM

......but just look at what an ANC led education has done to the Kids of South Africa as well as the country as a whole.......we have lost two generations of people who are totally incapable of doing anything which requires a little knowledge....thank you ANC Education Inc!

Vas K Nov 30, 2023, 02:07 PM

Whatever we think of Ms Motshekga article, she should be given a credit for responding to the criticism. An extremely rare event among politicians. Most of her colleagues couldn't give a hoot what people think and happily continue to live mushroom existence in the dark content in knowledge that the plebs think them to be demigods.

Kanu Sukha Dec 3, 2023, 11:47 PM

Is there a possibility that you give 'her' the 'credit' for something quite sensational ... in more ways than one ? !

Geoff Krige Nov 30, 2023, 08:06 PM

I have just one question for Ms Motshekga. Do your children and grandchildren attend government run schools?

Mkulu Isizulumhlopi Nov 30, 2023, 09:17 PM

I am in fits.......you are just like Naledi Pandor and great big T..d!

Rob Rhodes-Houghton Dec 2, 2023, 06:03 PM

Nonsense, Angie (or whoever wrote this drivel for you), utter nonsense! Please invite me for a cup of tea.

neilandrochelle1@gmail.com Feb 18, 2024, 08:50 AM

I looked at the Medium-Term Strategic Framework and the Action Plan to 2030: Towards the Realisation of Schooling, 2030 (as reference in the article) and I looked at the Basic Education Law Amendment Bill. It appears as if they are each trying to meet different objections. For instance the framework says 'create a better school environment to improve student retention'; while the BELA Bill threatens increased fine or imprisonment for parents (higher than several other countries) whose children aren't attending? If the BELA Bill is passed then how will we know if the increased student retention is a result of forced fear or improved environment conditions. What about the clauses in the Bela Bill which refer to the closing of small & non viable schools resulting in children (many of underprivileged communities) having to travel further distances to get to a school. I would love to see a document showing how the approval of the BELA Bill supports the framework objectives. These framework objectives are just good intentions, there is no penalty if they aren't achieved (maybe just a frown and a let's try again); but laws are long lasting and have severe penalties.