The fence that isn’t — wildlife, disease and neglect on the SA-Eswatini border

A cross-border human-wildlife conflict along the southern Eswatini-South Africa border is exacting a heavy toll on rural communities on the Eswatini side – yet authorities continue to neglect the crisis.

At the centre of the problem is Harloo Private Reserve, a wildlife and hunting reserve in the Pongola area of KwaZulu-Natal, which uses a veterinary cordon fence as its game fence. Harloo borders the Chibini, Mgampondo and Vuvu settlements under the Lavumisa chiefdom in southern Eswatini.

Wildlife escaping through or under the barrier has led to persistent crop raids and livestock losses, deepening food insecurity, poverty and the risk of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in neighbouring Eswatini communities.

The veterinary cordon fence was constructed during the colonial era to control the spread of animal diseases by limiting livestock movement between the two countries. Archived records from 1960s agreements on Swaziland territorial boundaries, reviewed by this reporter, confirm that the fence primarily served disease-control purposes, while also marking the international boundary.

Dr Thembi Ndlangamandla, national focal person for the FMD Unit in Eswatini’s Ministry of Agriculture, confirms that these historical arrangements remain in force.

“South Africa is tasked with the construction and maintenance of the border fence from Lavumisa westwards to Hebron, while Eswatini must patrol this stretch of land,” she explains, referring to a shared-responsibility agreement between the countries.

However, an investigation by this reporter, supported by the Southern Africa Accountability Journalism Project, revealed that this arrangement largely exists only on paper.

Harloo Private Reserve appears to be in contravention of the Animal Diseases Act of 1984 by altering and using the international boundary fence as a game fence. That law empowers only the director-general of agriculture to erect, alter, or use such a fence to control the movement of livestock and wildlife.

The law further states that no one may, without written authority from the director-general, remove, alter, or impair the effectiveness of any such fence. It further stipulates that any fence erected along international boundaries is deemed to have been established for controlled purposes under the Act.

By repurposing the boundary fence, Harloo Private Reserve has rendered it ineffective for disease control.

FMD risk increased

Wildlife incursions into Lavumisa communities continue unabated, intensifying cross-border human-wildlife conflict and increasing the risk of FMD outbreaks in Eswatini. Bush pigs, jackals and hyenas – linked to crop destruction and livestock losses – have established a presence in the Lavumisa-Nquthu forests along the border.

Manzini-based veterinarian Dr Isaac Magagula explains that bush pigs, which come into contact with buffaloes – the primary carriers of FMD – can transmit the disease to livestock. Hyenas and jackals, although not cloven-hoofed, may contract the virus by feeding on infected carcasses.

“These wild animals must be contained within a secure reserve using a game-proof fence,” Magagula said.

Ndlangamandla added that cattle from the Lavumisa-Hluthi subregion tested positive for the Southern African Territories (SAT 2) strain of FMD, which is endemic to the Pongola area across the border from Harloo Private Reserve.

“We tested many dip tanks in Lavumisa during the outbreak. The first infected animal was detected in this subregion,” she said. This was evidence, she argued, of the fence’s failure as a disease-control measure.

Somntongo MP Sandile Nxumalo believes the source of infection is clear: wildlife escaping from Harloo Private Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal, an FMD hotspot. He questions why Eswatini’s agriculture minister has not engaged with South African authorities over the altered and ineffective boundary fence.

“Our agriculture minister hasn’t visited the area to identify the gaps used by wildlife crossing into Lavumisa. He hasn’t raised the issue of the private reserve as a source of FMD – yet he knows South Africa is the epicentre,” Nxumalo said.

Field visits by this reporter confirmed that Harloo Private Reserve uses the international boundary fence as its game fence. Accompanied by local guides Senzo Dlamini, Thokozani Mbhamali and Thembinkosi Gina, observations revealed a horizontal barbed-wire fence, supplemented only by two strands of electric wire. It lacks the high-tensile structure and jackal-proof netting required to prevent animals from burrowing underneath.

Yet the Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife requirement for game reserves with buffaloes is that fencing must have a minimum of three strands of electrified wires running on offsets off the main fencing facing inwards, with a minimum of 5,000 volts throughout the system – no cable or buffer fence required.

Somntongo resident Thokozani Mbhamali questions whether the fence is consistently electrified, citing ongoing incursions by bush pigs, jackals and hyenas.

“The owner only added two electric wires and extra barbed strands. The fence doesn’t stop bush pigs – their thick skin and fat protect them,” he said.

The reserve may also be contravening the Fencing Act of 1963, which recognises jackal-proof fencing as the standard for boundary fences. The law obliges landowners to upgrade inadequate fencing to prevent predator movement.

In addition, the law requires landowners to clear vegetation up to 1,524m on either side of the fence line. At Harloo, bushes remain overgrown, obscuring the fence and providing cover for wildlife and illegal hunters.

On human protection, the Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife fencing guidelines emphasise the need for the protection of people living on the outskirts of game reserves with dangerous game to mitigate human-wildlife conflict.

When asked to comment on the written authority of Harloo Private Reserve to use the international boundary fence and compliance with the provincial guidelines, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife communications manager, Musa Mntambo, declined to comment, but advised this reporter to forward questions to Rudzani Mudau, an environmental specialist in South Africa’s Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment (DFFE), because the matter involves an international boundary.

Efforts for comment from Mudau on whether the Harloo Private Reserve has written authority to use the international boundary as its game fence remained unanswered by the time of publication.

The Principal Secretary in the Eswatini Ministry of Agriculture, Sydney Simelane, has criticised the reserve’s fencing practices, noting the absence of a double-fence system with a buffer zone.

“The owner should have constructed a double fence with a passage between them to prevent animals from crossing directly. This is a serious issue – it is causing hunger and undermining food security for emaSwati trying to improve their livelihoods,” said Simelane.

As government response stalls, affected communities say they feel helpless. In Chibini, Senzo Dlamini showed patches of maize destroyed by bush pigs, pointing to freshly trampled stalks and stripped cobs.

“One wonders whether there will be enough food for my family, given these daily losses. I fear guarding my fields at night,” he said.

Thokozani Mbhamali echoed this distress, describing heavy livestock losses.

“I’ve lost 11 calves. Now I separate them from their mothers when grazing. This is devastating – livestock is our food and income,” he said.

Siphiwe Gina, a member of the now-abandoned Phakamani Bomake Community Garden, says women in the area stopped farming after repeated crop raids.

“We used to grow vegetables and maize to feed our families and pay school fees. But the destruction became so frequent, it no longer made sense to continue,” she said, gesturing at the overgrown garden.

Efforts by Somntongo MPs Sandile Nxumalo and Dumisani Mbhamali to raise the issue in the 10th and 11th Parliaments have yielded no results.

Interviews with the Minister of Agriculture, Mandla Tshawuka, and Principal Secretary Simelane reveal contradictory positions.

Tshawuka claimed ignorance: “Diplomatic issues are handled through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We’ve raised issues like porous fences and livestock theft – but crop raids by South African wildlife have not reached my office.”

Simelane, however, acknowledged awareness, but cited diplomatic constraints.

“We know wildlife from Harloo crosses into Lavumisa and destroys crops and livestock. But this requires engagement through diplomatic channels, which is a slow process,” he said.

Shiselweni regional administrator Themba Masuku, a former deputy prime minister and United Nations diplomat, disagrees with the Ministry of Agriculture’s decision to follow diplomatic channels, because the wild invasions not only destroy livelihoods, but also the economy. He argues that it is wrong to prioritise wildlife over citizens.

“The country cannot depend on diplomacy when the wildlife poses a serious threat to food security. EmaSwati have a duty to protect the country from wild animals spreading diseases such as FMD, which originates from across the border, destroying our economy. We can’t let our people die of hunger because of the diplomatic ties with Pretoria. We must look for medium to long-term mitigation strategies for the wildlife invasion,” he said.

As bureaucratic delays persist, communities living along the altered boundary fence continue to bear the brunt of the crisis.

MP Nxumalo attributes the situation to a failure of leadership. “The reserve owner is responsible for significant damage, but he operates within a vacuum of leadership. We are facing a leadership crisis,” he said.

Xolile Shongwe, conservation secretary at Eswatini’s Big Game Park National Wildlife Authority, maintains that reserves using boundary fences must ensure they are properly maintained and game-proof.

“It is in the interest of any reserve to keep its fence in good condition – to prevent losses and respect neighbouring communities,” she said.

Attempts for comment from Harloo Private Reserve owner, Edmond Rouillard, proved futile as he failed to respond to questions emailed on 9 February 2026 and a follow-up message on 4 March 2026. He was given more than a month to provide clarity on the game reserve’s boundary management, wildlife incursions, impact on livelihoods, community engagement and mitigation strategies. DM

Vuyisile Hlatshwayo is a liSwati journalist across southern Africa and beyond, and a media researcher and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and managing partner at the Inhlase Centre for Investigative Journalism, co-founder of The Nation magazine and founder of Eswatini Farming magazine. He holds an MA in Media Studies from the University of Cape Town, and degrees from the universities of Natal and Swaziland and a higher diploma from Rhodes.

This report has been produced by the Southern Africa Accountability Journalism Project (SA | AJP), an initiative of the Henry Nxumalo Foundation with the financial assistance of the European Union. It can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.