A variety of factors are involved in ageing healthily, including exercise and being sociable. (Photo: Unsplash) 
There are many reasons some people live long healthy lives and others don’t, but one of them is undoubtedly genes. That doesn’t mean we should be negative about our chances of ageing in good health.
Although our genes are handed down from our parents, the hand that we are dealt seems to be influenced by our lifestyle, too. Food, physical activity and stress can change how genes function by adding “chemical tags” that act as on or off or dimmer switches, influencing our health and lifespan. The study of this process is known as epigenetics.
In a series of research studies with nonagenarians who were in robust health (undertaken in Belfast, Ireland), we found that participants carried fewer of the genes that are implicated in cardiovascular disease and showed some gene types that may have helped to boost their immunity.
In the most recent Belfast nonagenarians study, we built on these findings and asked active nonagenarians why they thought they had lived for so long and in such good health.
Family history and personal stories are powerful tools when used in parallel with genomic analyses. They can help us to understand how our beliefs, behaviour and lifestyle choices subtly fine-tune how our genes function in daily life.
By talking to nonagenarians about their lives, we identified how important they considered their genes to be, but they also told us about several other factors that they thought supported their long and healthy lives.
Genes and good health
Nonagenarian siblings recognised genes as important. Ellie (99) said: “I suppose it was the family I was born into — my mother’s female relatives all seemed to live into their 90s. I can remember cousins and aunts, all were over 90.” She added: “The men didn’t live so long.”
In fact, Ellie had observed something scientists still don’t understand: why women live longer than men. Evidence suggests that it may relate to male hormones in the womb leading to increased age-related disease.
Train body and mind, and be sure to eat well
All the people in our Belfast study spoke about the importance of keeping mentally and physically active. Robert, a shopkeeper, said: “Hard work all my life. I think that is the secret.”
Norman (95), one of two nonagenarian brothers, both railwaymen, said: “I left school at 16 and, yes, we had to go to work then. It wasn’t like today when you can keep your education going until you are 23 or 24.” His brother Joyce (96) agreed: “Yes, we worked hard. There is no doubt about it.”
Samuel (95, but “going on 25”) keeps mentally busy and told us that he had just finished writing his 10th book.
The health benefits of physical activity are hard to ignore. Regular exercise changes our epigenome, activating genes that improve muscle function.
Exercise protects our muscles and also our brains with a possible dose-related effect — the more we do, the greater the effect. Exercise is good for everyone and it’s never too late to start.
Many of the study participants mentioned the importance of food in ageing well. Norman said: “I have always led a quiet life. Didn’t smoke or drink to any extent and was always fed on good solid food. No junk food.”
His brother, Joyce, added: “We always had sensible food. Never smoked, except for a couple of months.”
Eileen (92) gave details of “good food, good healthy meals. Mama would have a big pot of broth for us.”
There is truth in the saying “you are what you eat”. Scientists have provided evidence that fruit and vegetables may dampen cancer-causing genes, or may protect us from cancer by altering epigenetic markers.
Few participants smoked, avoiding the known epigenetic effects of cigarette smoke including lung damage and an increased risk of dementia and cancer.
Be positive, stay social
Many of the participants described “being happy”, “always cheerful”, “never melancholy” and being content with a “rich life” and family relationships.
Typical examples from siblings include Samuel (95) who said he was “interested in people, interested in life”. His sister Ethel (93) added: “[I am] interested in things, and everything that’s going on.”
Sarah (95), one of two sisters, told us: “Oh, I am always happy.”
Her sister Mariah (94) said: “I have just a happy disposition.”
The ability or willingness to cope with difficulties was another common attitude we observed. As Eileen (96) told us: “[I] just take things as they come.”
Successful ageing is considered to be more than the absence of disease and being able to live independently. It involves being socially active. Friends and family are important factors in ageing well, making for good mental health and a reduced risk of premature death, and it can help people to deal with stressful events in their lives.
The epigenetic modification of our genes — and the life stories of healthy nonagenarians — offer explanations about how diet, physical activity, stress and exposure to toxins and infections can subtly alter our genes and our predisposition to disease.
The key to ageing well may not depend on choosing our parents wisely (even if we could), but making good lifestyle choices. DM
First published by The Conversation.
Irene Maeve Rea is a professor emeritus at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland; Jennifer Rea is a National Institute for Health and Care Research Academic In-Practice Fellow at University College London, England; Ken Mills is a professor at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland.
This story first appeared in our weekly Daily Maverick 168 newspaper, which is available countrywide for R35.
