Friends and relatives of injured people arrive at the American University of Beirut Medical Center after an incident involving Hezbollah members’ pagers in Beirut, Lebanon, on 17 September 2024. According to the Lebanese health minister, at least eight people died and more than 2,500 were injured. (Photo: EPA-EFE / Wael Hamzeh) 
The operation was an unprecedented Hezbollah security breach that saw thousands of pagers detonate across Lebanon, killing nine people and wounding nearly 3,000 others, including the group’s fighters and Iran’s envoy to Beirut.
The Lebanese security source said the pagers were from Taiwan-based Gold Apollo, but the company said it did not manufacture the devices. It said they were made by a company called BAC which has a licence to use its brand, but gave no more details.
Iran-backed Hezbollah has vowed to retaliate against Israel, whose military declined to comment on the blasts.
Hezbollah said on Wednesday that “the resistance will continue today, like any other day, its operations to support Gaza, its people and its resistance which is a separate path from the harsh punishment that the criminal enemy (Israel) should await in response to Tuesday’s massacre”.
The plot appears to have been many months in the making, several sources told Reuters.
The senior Lebanese security source said the group had ordered 5,000 beepers from Gold Apollo, which several sources say were brought into the country earlier this year.
One Hezbollah official said the detonation was the group’s ‘biggest security breach’ since the Gaza conflict erupted.
Gold Apollo founder Hsu Ching-Kuang said the pagers used in the explosion were made by a company in Europe that had the right to use the firm’s brand, the name of which he could not immediately confirm. The company named BAC as the firm, but Hsu declined to comment on its location.
“The product was not ours. It was only that it had our brand on it,” Hsu told reporters at the company’s offices in the northern Taiwanese city of New Taipei on Wednesday.
The senior Lebanese security source identified a photograph of the model of the pager, an AP924, which like other pagers wirelessly receives and displays text messages but cannot make phone calls.
Gold Apollo said the AR-924 model was produced and sold by BAC.
/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/12509860-1.jpg "Lebanese soldiers and Hezbollah members gather outside the American University of Beirut Medical Center after the explosions involving Hezbollah members’ pagers on 17 September 2024. (Photo: EPA-EFE / Wael Hamzeh)")
“We only provide brand trademark authorisation and have no involvement in the design or manufacturing of this product,” the firm’s statement said.
Hezbollah fighters have been using pagers as a low-tech means of communication in an attempt to evade Israeli location-tracking, two sources familiar with the group’s operations told Reuters this year.
But the senior Lebanese source said the devices had been modified by Israel’s spy service “at the production level”.
This would easily be the biggest counterintelligence failure that Hezbollah has had in decades
“The Mossad injected a board inside of the device that has explosive material that receives a code. It’s very hard to detect it through any means. Even with any device or scanner,” the source said.
The source said 3,000 of the pagers exploded when a coded message was sent to them, simultaneously activating the explosives.
Another security source told Reuters that up to three grams of explosives were hidden in the new pagers and had gone “undetected” by Hezbollah for months.
Hsu said he did not know how the pagers could have been rigged to explode.
Israeli officials did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Images of destroyed pagers analysed by Reuters showed a format and stickers on the back that were consistent with pagers made by Gold Apollo.
Hezbollah was reeling from the attack, which left fighters and others bloodied, in hospital or dead. One Hezbollah official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the detonation was the group’s “biggest security breach” since the Gaza conflict between Israel and Hezbollah ally Hamas erupted on 7 October.
“This would easily be the biggest counterintelligence failure that Hezbollah has had in decades,” said Jonathan Panikoff, the US government’s former deputy national intelligence officer on the Middle East.
/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/12509791.jpg "An ambulance arrives at the American University of Beirut Medical Center after the Hezbollah pagers explosions on 17 September 2024. (Photo: EPA-EFE / Wael Hamzeh)")
Break your phones, group ordered
In February, Hezbollah drew up a war plan that aimed to address gaps in the group’s intelligence infrastructure. About 170 fighters had already been killed in targeted Israeli strikes on Lebanon, including one senior commander and a top Hamas official in Beirut.
In a televised speech on 13 February, the group’s secretary-general, Hassan Nasrallah, sternly warned supporters that their phones were more dangerous than Israeli spies, saying they should break, bury or lock them in an iron box.
Instead, the group opted to distribute pagers to Hezbollah members across the group’s various branches – from fighters to medics working in its relief services.
The explosions maimed many Hezbollah members, according to footage from hospitals reviewed by Reuters. Wounded men had injuries of varying degrees to the face, missing fingers and gaping wounds at the hip where the pagers were likely worn.
“We really got hit hard,” said the senior Lebanese security source, who has direct knowledge of the group’s probe into the explosions.
Experts said they did not see the blasts as a sign that an Israeli ground offensive was imminent, but rather a sign of Israeli intelligence’s apparently deep penetration of Hezbollah.
The pager blasts came at a time of mounting concern about tensions between Israel and Hezbollah, which have been engaged in cross-border warfare since the Gaza conflict erupted in October.
While the war in Gaza has been Israel’s main focus since the 7 October attack by Hamas-led gunmen, the precarious situation along Israel’s northern border with Lebanon has fuelled fears of a regional conflict that could drag in the US and Iran.
A missile barrage by Hezbollah the day after 7 October opened the latest phase of conflict and since then there have been daily exchanges of rockets, artillery fire and missiles, with Israeli jets striking deep into Lebanese territory.
Hezbollah has said it does not seek a wider war but would fight if Israel launched one.
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Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant told US defence secretary Lloyd Austin on Monday that the window was closing for a diplomatic solution to the standoff with the Iranian-backed Hezbollah movement in southern Lebanon.
Still, experts said they did not see the pager blasts as a sign that an Israeli ground offensive was imminent.
Instead, it was a sign of Israeli intelligence’s apparently deep penetration of Hezbollah.
“It demonstrates Israel’s ability to infiltrate its adversaries in a remarkably dramatic way,” said Paul Pillar, a 28-year veteran of the US intelligence community, mainly at the CIA. DM/Reuters
(By Laila Bassam and Maya Gebeily. Additional reporting by Phil Stewart and Matt Spetalnick in Washington; Ben Blanchard in Taipei; Writing by Phil Stewart and Michael Perry; Editing by Don Durfee and Stephen Coates and Miral Fahmy)