---
title: "Community-oriented policing is the missing link in AU counter-terrorism operations"
description: "Despite being recognised globally as an effective strategy, community-oriented policing has been underused in Africa’s peace missions."
type: "NewsArticle"
publisher: "Daily Maverick"
site: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za"
section: "ISS TODAY OP-ED"
author: "Meressa K Dessu for ISS Today"
author_url: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/meressa-k-dessu-for-iss-today/"
canonical_url: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-08-20-community-oriented-policing-missing-link-in-au-counterterrorism/"
published: "2024-08-20T17:12:04"
updated: "2024-08-20T17:12:06"
lang: "en-ZA"
word_count: 1005
---

# Community-oriented policing is the missing link in AU counter-terrorism operations

> Despite being recognised globally as an effective strategy, community-oriented policing has been underused in Africa’s peace missions.

By Meressa K Dessu for ISS Today · Published 20 August 2024, 19:12 SAST · Updated 20 August 2024, 19:12 SAST

## Key points
- Africa's battle against violent extremism rages on, with more than 23,000 lives lost to terrorism in 2023 alone. A shift towards community-oriented policing would be a more effective strategy to tackle the crisis and win over hearts and minds.
- Africa remains the epicentre of violent extremism since 2018, with more than 23,000 deaths in 2023, up 20% from the previous year.
- Half of the world's top countries affected by terrorism are in Africa, with the UN warning of its further spread across the continent.
- Community-oriented policing could be a key strategy in countering radicalisation and extremism at a local level.
- While military operations are crucial, community-oriented policing is essential in winning the hearts and minds of local communities and countering violent extremism.

## Content

Since 2018, Africa has been the global epicentre of violent extremism, with devastating effects on the lives and livelihoods of millions, especially civilians. More than 23,000 people [died](https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mig2024-deaths-militant-islamist-violence-africa-rise/) at the hands of terrorists in Africa in 2023, up 20% from 2022.

Half of the world’s 16 top countries affected by violent extremism are in Africa, [according](https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GTI-2024-web-290224.pdf) to the Global Terrorism Index. These include Burkina Faso, Mali, Somalia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mozambique. And in 2023, the United Nations (UN) [warned](https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/report/auto-draft/JOURNEY-TO-EXTREMISM-IN-AFRICA-PATHWAYS-TO-RECRUITMENT-AND-DISENGAGEMENT_2023.pdf) that terrorism was spreading further across Africa.

Despite national, regional and continental efforts to tackle terrorism, as well as various UN peace missions, the crisis is deepening. African organisations, including the African Union (AU) and regional economic communities, should revisit their approaches and find the right means to address the problem.

Could community-oriented policing work? It has been used successfully worldwide to reduce civilians’ fears of security threats, prevent crime and improve public safety. It’s particularly [effective](https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/spotlight_police_and_law_enforcement_may_2023_en.pdf) in preventing and countering radicalisation at a local level.

The [approach](https://www.community-relations.org.uk/files/communityrelations/media-files/Peacebuilding%20and%20policing.pdf) encompasses five key elements: problem solving, partnership, service delivery, empowerment and accountability. These help the police build trusting relations with local civilians by regularly engaging with residents, community groups, business owners and other stakeholders.

Residents are best placed to recognise suspicious activities in their areas – including those associated with radicalisation and extremism. Established partnerships with communities allow the police to act proactively, solve crime and violence problems, and build local resilience to extremism.

However, community-oriented policing has been underused in Africa as a counterterrorism response. Most regional and continental interventions have relied on military measures. The AU has [authorised](https://africacenter.org/spotlight/african-led-peace-operations-a-crucial-tool-for-peace-and-security/) more than 25 peace support operations across Africa in the past 20-plus years to help resolve conflicts and curb violent extremism – but only a few have included a small policing element.

Since 2007, the AU’s largest mission has been in Somalia. Amisom, now called the AU Transition Mission in Somalia (Atmis), has focused on degrading the violent extremist group al-Shabaab and building local and national capacity for peacebuilding. In the Lake Chad Basin area, the AU’s Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) was deployed in 2014 to fight Boko Haram. And the G5 Sahel Joint Force was formed in 2017 to deal with various terror groups and organised crime in the Sahel.

Of these missions, only that in Somalia has included police elements – with limited capability. Both the MNJTF and G5 Sahel Joint Force were purely military operations.

Most terror groups targeted by these missions are linked to radical Islamist ideology and focus on mobilising support and recruiting from Africa’s large young population. They use force, but also appeal to those who have lost faith in their governments due to poor service delivery or violence meted out by security forces. A US Institute of Peace [study](https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR348-Why_do_Youth_Join_Boko_Haram.pdf) found that Boko Haram was able to radicalise young people disaffected by their governments’ harsh tactics and excessive use of force.

> While military operations are important for weakening terrorists’ military capabilities, community-oriented policing is essential to building peace by winning the hearts and minds of local communities.

Applying community-oriented policing in peace support operations and other missions can help. Instead of raising the risk of radicalisation through military crackdowns, police can provide local security services, engage communities as partners, not adversaries, and win public trust. Police deployed on peace missions can also train local police to follow the same approach, which would reduce the risk of radicalisation and recruitment into terror groups.

The effectiveness of community-oriented policing in combating extremism is globally recognised. The UN Security Council has highlighted the importance of community-oriented policing institutions with well-trained officers to help counter violent extremism, including by building trust and dialogue between government officials and the public.

The underlying causes for the proliferation of terror groups are complex and varied. Religion and political ideology play a role, but so do weak state structures, discriminatory law enforcement practices, conflict and organised [crime](https://issafrica.org/research/west-africa-report/violent-extremism-organised-crime-and-local-conflicts-in-liptako-gourma). Violent extremists co-opt illicit [economies](https://issafrica.org/research/west-africa-report/boko-harams-deadly-business-an-economy-of-violence-in-the-lake-chad-basin) and get involved in other crimes. In the Sahel, terror groups like Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin are involved in trafficking, kidnapping, artisanal gold [mining](https://issafrica.org/research/west-africa-report/preventing-violent-extremism-in-senegal-threats-linked-to-gold-mining), and cattle and livestock rustling. In Somalia, al-Shabaab collects taxes from illicit economies such as the charcoal [trade](https://hornobserver.com/articles/2265/Somalias-Profitable-charcoal-trade-benefits-government-and-Al-Shabaab-Report).

For peace support operations to deal with these organised crime dynamics, enough police officers must be included in peace missions. The absence of police from most AU missions aimed at countering terrorism has led to weak community engagement and missed opportunities to build local police capacity, support crime investigations and track criminal syndicates.

Research by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs into the MNJTF’s effectiveness identified the [lack](https://www.nupi.no/content/pdf_preview/28307/file/EPON-MNJTF.pdf) of policing capability as one of the mission’s key challenges. Atmis in Somalia has a police component, but it’s insufficient in capacity and number. As a result, areas liberated by the mission’s soldiers and Somalia’s security forces often fall again to al-Shabaab extremists. This is due to inconsistent engagement with local populations and a failure to provide ongoing security services.

While military operations are important for weakening terrorists’ military capabilities, community-oriented policing is essential to building peace by winning the hearts and minds of local communities.

The MNJTF recently [reported](https://mnjtffmm.org/mnjtf-records-more-successes-in-lake-chad-area-as-more-terrorists-laid-down-arms-force-commander/#:~:text=Operation%20Nashrul%20Salam%2C%20a%20non,sustainable%20peace%20in%20the%20region.) the effectiveness of such approaches in countering terrorism and fostering stability in its mission. Its “non-kinetic operations have been instrumental in persuading terrorists to embrace peace and renounce violence in the Lake Chad area”, the report asserts. Had the mission included police elements, it could have been even more successful.

Well-resourced community-oriented policing would help combat radicalisation and terrorism in Africa. The AU, regional economic communities and African countries should prioritise the approach and include more police in their peace mission deployments. African countries should provide the AU and regional missions with personnel trained and qualified in community-oriented policing. **DM**

*Meressa K Dessu, Senior Researcher and Training Coordinator, Institute for Security Studies (ISS) Addis Ababa.*

*This article is adapted from Africa Up Close, a*[*blog*](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/countering-radicalization-and-violent-extremism-through-policing-africa)*of the Wilson Centre’s Africa Program.*

*First published by*[*ISS Today*](https://issafrica.org/iss-today)*.*