Kishida, who saw his public support erode, will not seek re-election in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) leader, Japanese media including public broadcaster NHK reported citing senior administration staff.
An LDP spokesperson declined to comment.
Kishida's decision to quit will trigger a contest to replace him as party boss, and by extension as the leader of the world's fourth-biggest economy.
The successor the LDP chooses could face increases in living costs, escalating geopolitical tensions, and the potential return of Donald Trump as U.S. president next year.
As the country's eighth-longest serving post-war leader, Kishida led Japan out of the COVID pandemic with massive stimulus spending, but later appointed Kazuo Ueda, an academic tasked with ending his predecessor’s radical monetary stimulus, to head the Bank of Japan (BOJ).
The BOJ in July unexpectedly raised interest rates, contributing to stock market instability and sending the yen sharply lower.
If the "reporting is accurate, we should expect tighter policy or neutral but slightly tighter fiscal, monetary conditions depending on the candidate", said Shoki Omori, chief Japan desk strategist, Mizuho Securities, Tokyo.
"In short, risk-assets, particularly equities, will likely be hit the most," he added.
In another break from the past, Kishida also eschewed corporate profit-driven trickle-down economics in favour of policies aimed at boosting household incomes, including wage hikes and promoting share ownership.
(Reporting by Tim Kelly, Sakura Murakami, and Kevin Buckland; Editing by David Dolan and Stephen Coates)

epa11471762 (L-R) Christopher Luxon, Prime Minister of New Zealand; Kim Keon-hee, First Lady of South Korea; Yoon Suk Yeol, President of South Korea; Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine; Olena Zelenska, First Lady of Ukraine, and Fumio Kishida, Prime Minister of Japan, look on during an arrival ceremony for a White House dinner for Heads of State at the South Portico of the White House in Washington, DC, USA, 10 July 2024. NATO leaders, who are meeting for a three-day NATO summit in Washington, will send five long-range air-defense systems for Ukraine, after President Volodymyr Zelenskiy asked for more help in the wake of stepped-up Russian strikes on his country. EPA-EFE/Ting Shen / POOL
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