After a bumpy road to the World Cup marked by criticism of its human rights record, Qatar has much riding on the tournament passing off smoothly if it is to be remembered as a success and help affirm Doha’s place on the global stage.

The controversy that has long surrounded the decision to award Qatar the World Cup has built to a climax, with unrelenting scrutiny of its treatment of migrant workers and the LGBTQ+ community prompting the Qatari emir to accuse detractors of double standards and fabrications.

As Qatar prepares for kick-off on Sunday, the measure of success will be pulling off a tournament enjoyed by fans that concludes without major incident, allowing Doha to switch attention away from the criticism, analysts say.

The stakes are high for a tiny Gulf state with a national population so small (about 350,000) that they could fit into the eight new stadiums built for the occasion.

Lionel Messi of Argentina in action during an international friendly against the United Arab Emirates in Abu Dhabi on 16 November 2022. (Photo: EPA-EFE / Ali Haider)

For Qatar, which has survived as an independent state since 1971 in an often hostile neighbourhood, hosting the World Cup is part of a wider strategy of playing an outsized role in global affairs. A major gas exporter, it hosts US troops, mediates in conflicts and finances the influential Al Jazeera news network.

“There has been so much negative coverage focusing on labour rights and human rights. The running of the World Cup is the only opportunity that Qatar sees for redemption,” said Marc Owen Jones, an associate professor at Hamad Bin Khalifa University.

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“The markers of a successful World Cup would be as a nation-branding exercise, to position Qatar as an important sports hub in the Middle East and the wider Arab world,” he said.

“In the soft-power level, it will demonstrate that Qatar is a global and multilateral player.”

‘Hypocrisy’

The first Middle Eastern country to host the World Cup, Qatar hailed it as a regional milestone when it was awarded the tournament in 2010.

But Qatari officials have appeared increasingly vexed by what they see as unfair criticisms, including boycott calls.

The foreign minister has said people calling for such a move are from a handful of countries – 10 at most – that do not represent the rest of the world which is looking forward to the tournament.

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“The reasons given for boycotting the World Cup do not add up. There is a lot of hypocrisy in these attacks, which ignore all that we have achieved,” Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani told French newspaper Le Monde.

A number of teams participating in the tournament are seeking to bring attention to the issues for which Qatar has faced criticism, including LGBTQ+ rights in the country where homosexuality is illegal.

The US squad is showing their support for the LGBTQ+ community by way of a rainbow-themed team logo inside their training facility, and shirts worn by the Netherlands team will be auctioned to support migrant workers in Qatar.

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The Football Associations of 10 European countries, including England and Germany, have pushed Fifa to take action to improve the rights of migrant workers in Qatar.

But striking a different tone, Fifa has urged teams to focus on the football in Qatar, and not let the sport be dragged into ideological or political “battles” – a call supported by Brazil.

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said he is sure it will be a success.

Pressing back against its criticism, Qatar points to labour reforms aimed at protecting migrant workers from exploitation and says the system is a work in progress. Organisers have repeatedly said everyone is welcome no matter their sexual orientation or background.

But they also warned against certain behaviour in the conservative Muslim country, where public drunkenness can incur a prison sentence of up to six months and displays of affection can be grounds for arrest.

With more than a million fans expected to visit, the event is a huge logistical challenge.

Khalifa International Stadium in Doha, Qatar, on 17 October 2022. (Photo: EPA-EFE / Noushad Thekkayil)

The US ambassador has urged Qatar’s police and authorities to be patient, tolerant and transparent in managing them. The US embassy and others have told fans they could face punishment for behaviour that would be tolerated elsewhere.

Fans will be allowed to buy beer at matches. Organisers have said anyone who overdoes it will be looked after.

“The success story of Qatar has been walking the fine line between international criticism and domestic criticism, between holding on to local culture and opening up to the outside world,” said Zarqa Parvez Abdullah, an adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University in Qatar. Reuters/DM