South Africa

OP-ED

South Africa’s lack of economic complexity is our real problem, and it’s driven by cadre deployment and the unions

South Africa’s lack of economic complexity is our real problem, and it’s driven by cadre deployment and the unions
(Photo: Waldo Swiegers / Bloomberg via Getty Images)

South Africa needs to build a resilient and productive economy that fosters rapid learning, adaptation to new conditions, technological innovation and the expansion of goods and services to an ever-widening group of products. This can only happen with the assistance of the state, rather than despite it.

 

Thomas Koelble is Professor of Business Administration at the UCT Graduate School of Business.

There is remarkable consistency in the South African debate on the political economy. The refrain since 1994 has been the same — we must create jobs, we must create employment, we must create opportunities for upward socioeconomic movement.

The famous Reconstruction and Development Programme, despite being criticised as a “laundry list of wishes and goals”, set the tone for more than 25 years of repetitive and increasingly shrill demands. South Africa urgently needs leaders who do not just mouth off these mantras to get elected but move towards a coherent plan to actually achieve any of these goals.

Of course, the little phrase “we must” contains a mountain of assumptions. The collective “we” points to someone else who is just not doing what “they must” do — rapacious capitalists, greedy owners of business, the neocolonial global economy, the oppressed local economy, settler whites, or the overburdened and under-resourced state. Each political shard has a take on who should be providing jobs and employment and uses this kind of populism to cause mayhem. Former president Jacob Zuma has gone so far as to call the Constitution “their” law when it was “his” party, the ANC, that effectively wrote the Constitution.

What South Africa “must” do to ensure any kind of economic growth is straightforward. But it is unpalatable to large sections of the ANC since it involves the deregulation of the economy to say nothing of a complete halt to the looting of state resources that we had to witness under Zuma.

Had the trillion rands lost to State Capture been invested in infrastructure, ranging from improving schools and roads to ensuring water supply and electricity generation, that would have gone a long way toward solving the unemployment crisis. But instead, the money was blown on the enormous enrichment of a very few politically connected individuals, all in the name of providing public goods. Frantz Fanon’s nightmare scenario where the new post-colonial elite emulates its colonial predecessors has come to pass.

The economist Ricardo Hausmann has set out very clearly what an economy like South Africa can do to work its way out of the current crisis. Hausmann and his team of MIT-Harvard economists developed an enormous dataset contained in the Atlas of Economic Complexity, freely available on the internet.

The concept of economic complexity holds that wealth is created not so much by one particular industry, but by a dense network of industrial connections. The denser the network, the more affluent the society is likely to be. Economic complexity is not something a government can plan, but it evolves from an ever-increasing network of businesses, of technological progress, innovative learning across firms and from the competition between rival companies.

In contrast to many of his peers, Hausmann argues that “competitive advantage” does not hold as a recipe for economic success, but rather the opposite — economies that produce a broad range of products are more likely to achieve economic growth than those that focus on one or two products. The recipe for success lies in rapid learning, adaptation to new conditions, technological innovation and the expansion of goods and services to an ever-widening group of products. The broader and denser the network, the more resilient and productive the economy is likely to be.

Economies that produce raw material commodities for export and little else are particularly prone to high levels of inequality, economic stagnation and poverty. Such economies do not develop high levels of complexity, but tend to focus on extraction. While extractive industries may encourage related manufacturing to take place, often such economies fail to develop their own industrial base and import the technology needed for extraction. Instead of developing both upstream and downstream industries around their extraction, they import food, goods and services.

Hausmann’s ideas have profound implications for commodity-producing nations including South Africa; they are likely to fade economically as soon as their commodity runs out or is replaced by some technological innovation. Countries such as the United Arab Emirates are taking these issues seriously and are busily trying to diversify their economies before the end of the fossil-fuel age. Unfortunately, Hausmann’s home country, Venezuela, is doing the exact opposite, with devastating consequences for its population. And, so it seems, is South Africa.

Hausmann has routinely consulted South African presidents and Cabinet members with what appears to be very limited success. If his analysis holds, then the state needs to be used to create a basis from which a diverse set of local enterprises can actually take off and not one that stifles complexity.

This requires what Helmut Schmidt, the former Social Democratic Chancellor of Germany, used to call “Rahmenbedingungen” — a framework of institutions and infrastructural conditions that allow businesses to develop and expand. That requires an adequate supply of electricity for one; an education system that equips pupils with skills useful for the economy; adequate roads and so forth. The state can be used in a Keynesian manner as a means of creating jobs associated with this framework in education, the healthcare sector, social services and infrastructural programmes, but it cannot be the main driver of either growth or employment. That will have to come from a private sector that is allowed to flourish and is not overburdened by regulatory red tape.

Only if the economy becomes increasingly complex will it be able to address the kinds of issues South Africa needs to fix. The data indicates that this is not what is occurring — the growth areas of the South African economy have been the government and the financial and service sectors. Every other sector has shrunk, particularly manufacturing. And the country continues to export mainly raw materials. This is not a recipe for addressing massive unemployment and poverty.  

Rather than finger-pointing and ranting, South Africa needs to unite around a shared vision that allows business to develop dense networks of economic complexity with the assistance of the state rather than despite it. The private sector is not just an inconvenience that mainly functions to provide the public sector with tax resources — it is the main driver of employment and inclusive growth that will allow this economy to address its massive unemployment problem.

But as long as there is a fundamental objection to business development driven by a trade union movement representing the extractive industries of the 19th century and a political movement dedicated to functioning as an employment agency for the politically ambitious, there will be no movement towards economic complexity.

And we will bear witness to many more explosions such as those provoked by the Zuma faction in the past few weeks. DM

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Comments - Please in order to comment.

  • Gina Schroeder Schroeder says:

    This is a great article thank you.

    I love to analogy of the economy being like a spiders web where everything is linked and when its closely woven and dense it catches more flies and feeds more people.

  • Miles Japhet says:

    The ANC should have the courage to explain exactly how their economic policies will work referencing other success stories. Clearly they cannot.
    Perhaps then the question they should be asked to answer is why Ricardo Haussmann’s proposal cannot work?
    Inconvenient truths methinks, with a lack of courage to accept mistakes and pivot in the interests of our country.

  • Desmond McLeod says:

    Thank you for a thought provoking article. I feel this country should immediately embark on the process of dealing with problems that I believe should have been the glaring priorities in 1994:-
    -Build teachers training colleges to train qualified and motivated teachers to deal with the education disaster before and especially after 1976.
    -Build nurse’s colleges to train qualified and motivated nurses to deal with the huge public health care problems.
    -Build schools – particularly in the under serviced “township” areas to deal with the backlog of poorly educated youth.
    -Introduce night schools to educate those that missed out on education from 1976.
    -Build hospitals and clinics – particularly in the “township” areas.
    -Build universities to educate doctors, dentists, engineers, etc. – not lawyers – we have enough.
    These are a few needs that I always felt were absolute priorities to try get this country up and running with opportunities for all. Unfortunately, it seems the ANC saw the main priority to be self enrichment through corruption, starting with the arms deal!
    I cannot think of any new public schools, Universities, hospitals or clinics built by the ANC in 27 years of government! I hope I am wrong and I am given a list of scores of such facilities!
    BUT – I feel it is never too late, and no effort should be spared to start dealing with our social disparities starting with proper education for all – an absolute necessity for a decent employment!

  • Paul Hatty says:

    Very good article giving clear indication of what our Government needs to do. But being driven by the ANC policies, nothing will happen. The ANC needs to change its policies or get out of the way if South Africa is to create any significant growth. I was working on Industrial Policy & Strategy in the 1990’s and the only strategy that survived is the motor industry development plan, and notice how the ANC government supports it with all the black imported vehicles!

  • Yvonne Riester says:

    Excellent article. Every economics student should study it. Pity ANC politicians do not read quality publications. And great pity that ANC and trade unions prefer the Venezuelan way rather than the German way.

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