---
title: "How the UK military supports Israel’s combat operations against Palestinians"
description: "As violence escalates in Israel and Palestine, we take readers through the expanding military relationship between the UK and Israel, which has been erased by the British media. The deepening alliance involves UK military training of Israel for combat, joint exercises, arms deals, as well as intelligence cooperation."
type: "NewsArticle"
publisher: "Daily Maverick"
site: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za"
section: "DECLASSIFIED UK"
author: "Mark Curtis"
author_url: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/mark-curtis/"
canonical_url: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-05-15-how-the-uk-military-supports-israels-combat-operations-against-palestinians/"
published: "2021-05-15T08:09:31"
updated: "2021-05-15T08:47:57"
lang: "en-ZA"
word_count: 1861
---

# How the UK military supports Israel’s combat operations against Palestinians

> As violence escalates in Israel and Palestine, we take readers through the expanding military relationship between the UK and Israel, which has been erased by the British media. The deepening alliance involves UK military training of Israel for combat, joint exercises, arms deals, as well as intelligence cooperation.

By Mark Curtis · Published 15 May 2021, 10:09 SAST · Updated 15 May 2021, 10:47 SAST

## Content

The UK’s new military strategy, released in March, [states](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/defence-in-a-competitive-age) clearly that “Israel remains a key strategic partner”.

Months before the importance of the relationship was spelled out, the military chiefs of the two states signed a cooperation agreement “to formalise and enhance our defence relationship, and support the growing Israel-UK partnership”, [according](https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1334553900507082756) to the Israel Defence Forces (IDF).

Following the agreement, Britain’s ambassador to Israel, Neil Wigan,[tweeted](https://twitter.com/search?q=from%3Afcdoneilwigan%20chiefs%20of%20defence&src=typed_query) he was “delighted”, saying it would “further deepen our military cooperation”.

What is in that agreement is secret and has not even been formally acknowledged by the UK government. But Israel lobby group Bicom (the Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre) has[written](https://www.bicom.org.uk/news/uk-and-israel-sign-military-agreement/) that the two militaries are “integrating their multi-domain capabilities in maritime, land, air, space, and cyber and electromagnetic”.

This is an extraordinary development and follows recent visits to Israel by two UK chiefs of the defence staff, General Sir Nick[Carter](https://www.bicom.org.uk/news/british-armed-forces-chief-visits-israel/) in 2019 and his predecessor, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart[Peach](https://cfoi.co.uk/head-of-britains-armed-forces-makes-official-visit-to-israel/) in 2017.

**Training**

Military training is a key part of the deepening relationship between the two countries’ armed forces. A UK minister[revealed](https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-05-24/147855) in 2018 that the British army was providing training to Israel and *Declassified* subsequently found two courses were given to Israeli military officers in the UK in 2019.

A course in “ordnance design” was delivered at the Defence Academy in Oxfordshire, southern England, and an “amphibious warfare course” was provided at HMS Collingwood, the Royal Navy’s largest training school.

The training is reciprocal. In 2016, it was revealed that British military pilots would receive [training](https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-elbit-systems-contract-idUKKCN0VB10U) in a programme part-run by Israeli arms firm Elbit Systems. Pilots have since [graduated](https://www.kbr.com/en/insights-events/stories/kbrs-affinity-flying-services-jv-ascends-new-heights-recent-milestones) from the programme which is being run at Royal Air Force (RAF) bases in the UK.

In 2011, British soldiers were even[trained](https://www.jpost.com/International/Amnesty-Israel-training-UK-to-use-Cast-Lead-UAVs)in Israel in the use of drones that had been “field-tested on Palestinians” during the 2009 war in Gaza two years earlier.

**Soldiers in Israel**

Britain stations 10 soldiers in Israel, the government [told](https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2020-09-02/hl7650) parliament last year. When[asked](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-08-ties-that-bind-britain-buys-46m-of-israeli-military-equipment-and-stations-troops-in-israel/) for clarification, a Ministry of Defence (MoD) spokesperson told *Declassified* these troops are “deployed in both Israel and the West Bank” and that “we have military officers in the embassy in Tel Aviv to support the UK’s foreign mission in Israel”.

The spokesperson added that the “defence section” in that embassy “plays a diplomatic role” and that defence sections “facilitate international engagement between the countries” and provide opportunities for “training exercises”.

*Declassified* also recently[found](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-08-ties-that-bind-britain-buys-46m-of-israeli-military-equipment-and-stations-troops-in-israel/) that two British soldiers assist Mark Schwartz, the US “security coordinator” for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, who uses the embassy in Jerusalem as his [headquarters](https://www.state.gov/biographies/mark-c-schwartz/).

Schwartz leads an eight-nation [team](https://www.state.gov/about-us-united-states-security-coordinator-for-israel-and-the-palestinian-authority/) which ensures that security forces nominally working on behalf of the Palestinians – a people under occupation – [liaise](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/palestinian-authority-begins-ending-security-coordination-israeli-general-warns-violence) with Israel, the state enforcing the occupation.

![Activists demonstrate outside Israeli-owned Elbit Ferranti arms company on 1 February 2021 in Oldham, England. (Photo: Christopher Furlong/Getty Images)](https://cdn.dailymaverick.co.za/i/BFqTDjfCVk5JQSiIHCXRXrJpIts=/200x100/smart/filters:strip_exif\(\)/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ISRAEL-1.jpg)

*Activists demonstrate outside Israeli-owned Elbit Ferranti arms company on 1 February 2021 in Oldham, England. (Photo: Christopher Furlong/Getty Images)*

**Military exercises**

On top of the soldiers stationed in Israel, the British military now conducts regular exercises with Israeli forces. The RAF in particular has stepped up its engagement with Israel in the past two years.

In June 2019, the British military[acknowledged](https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/in-first-u-k-confirms-f-35-exercise-with-israel-and-sorties-in-iraq-syria-1.7409854)for the first time that its fighter jets carried out a joint exercise with their Israeli counterparts, alongside American aircraft. “The following month an RAF squadron trained with the Israeli air force at the Palmachim air base, just south of Tel Aviv, in “search and rescue”.

Just months later, the Israel air force[undertook](https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-in-first-israeli-air-force-sends-jets-to-britain-for-joint-exercise-1.7866426) its first-ever deployment of fighter jets to Britain. Israeli F-15 warplanes took part in a joint combat exercise with the RAF, as well as aircraft from the German and Italian air forces.

Known as Cobra Warrior, one of the largest annual RAF exercises, it [involved](https://twitter.com/RoyalAirForce/status/1174752582029516800?s=03) “three weeks of intensive training”, including in “conflict situations that could be encountered in operations”, the RAF [said](https://www.raf.mod.uk/news/articles/multi-national-exercise-cobra-warrior-comes-to-an-end/).

The exercise was based out of the RAF Waddington air base, home to Britain’s intelligence-gathering aircraft. “The Israeli F-15s took part in air-to-air operations in mock dogfights and aircraft interceptions, as well as simulated ground attacks”, Israeli newspaper *Haaretz* reported.

Israel has [used](https://www.afsc.org/resource/us-corporations-complicit-military-attacks-gaza) such F-15s – [supplied](https://www.boeing.com/defense/f-15/#/customers) by the US – in its attacks on Gaza.

In March this year, the head of the RAF, Air Chief Marshal Sir Mike Wigston, visited Israel and [said](https://twitter.com/ChiefofAirStaff/status/1372526843778187273?s=03) “it has been a privilege to visit the Israeli Air Force, celebrating our common heritage, nurturing our enduring partnership, and exploring many areas of mutual interest”.

Also highly controversial – and again largely ignored by the British media – has been Royal Navy exercises with Israel. The policy is contentious given the role played by the Israeli navy in the country’s blockade of Gaza, which is widely [regarded](https://imeu.org/article/israels-blockade-of-gaza-is-it-legal) as illegal, partly because it inflicts "collective punishment" on an entire population.

In August 2019, the Royal Navy took part in the largest international [naval exercise](https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/uk-commanders-join-israel-s-largest-ever-naval-exercise-1.487562) ever held by Israel, off the country’s Mediterranean shore. This followed other naval exercises involving the British and Israelis in [November 2016](https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/british-warship-docks-in-israel-signifying-growing-cooperation/) and[December 2017](http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/HMS-Ocean-docks-in-Haifa-before-joint-drills-with-Israel-Navy-and-Israel-Air-Force-515799).

**Arms exports**

The UK and Israel buy significant quantities of military equipment from each other. Britain has [licenced](https://caat.org.uk/data/exports-uk/overview?region=Israel&date_from=2015) over £400-million worth of arms exports to Israel since 2015.

Routine UK exports [include](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/977513/Strategic_export_controls__Annual_Report_Data_2020_Cases_in_annual_report_format.pdf) components for assault rifles, pistols, warplanes, tanks and radars. UK components for [drones](https://waronwant.org/sites/default/files/Final%20Web%20version%20Deadly%20Investments.pdf) and combat aircraft have continued flowing while Israel has used such equipment for surveillance and armed attacks against Palestinians.

The UK also [supplies](https://caat.org.uk/resources/countries/israel/) components used in US-built equipment exported to Israel, such as missile triggering systems for Apache helicopters and Head-Up Displays for F-16s. Both have been used to bomb Lebanese and Palestinian towns and villages.

Official UK export figures understate the real total since Britain has [rubber-stamped](https://www.caat.org.uk/media/press-releases/2020-06-30) over 30 “open licences” for weapons sales to Israel over the past five years. Such licences often permit an unlimited quantity of equipment to be exported.

![Palestinian militants set fire to the offices of the British Council on 14 March 2006 in Gaza City, Gaza Strip. (Photo: Abid Katib/Getty Images)](https://cdn.dailymaverick.co.za/i/de3yCaPTWmouSELj38Rrt5HdcxE=/200x100/smart/filters:strip_exif\(\)/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ISRAEL-2.jpg)

*Palestinian militants set fire to the offices of the British Council on 14 March 2006 in Gaza City, Gaza Strip. (Photo: Abid Katib/Getty Images)*

Especially noteworthy is that the UK government[applies](https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-06-01/149019)no “end use” restrictions on its supplies of military equipment to Israel, meaning the country is free to use that equipment however it likes.

In 2017 the British Foreign Office[admitted](https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2017-10-12/107360)it had not assessed the impact of its arms exports to Israel on Palestinians.

Three years earlier, a UK government[review](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-announces-findings-of-review-of-licensed-exports-to-israel)identified 12 licences involving components “which could be part of equipment used by the Israel Defence Forces in Gaza”. This was during the Israeli army’s 51-day bombardment of the territory in the summer of 2014, which killed over 2,200 Palestinians, most of them civilians.

**Arms purchases**

Britain’s armed forces are an important customer for Elbit Systems, a major Israeli arms corporation with nine production sites or offices in the UK. One of these [subsidiaries](https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02691211), in Shenstone, near Birmingham, [manufactures](https://uavenginesltd.co.uk/products/) engines for drones.

*Declassified*recently found that the MoD has placed eight orders worth almost £46-million with Elbit since 2018. The largest of the contracts – valued at £31-million – is for virtual reality military equipment made by Ferranti Technologies, an Elbit subsidiary [based](https://www.ferranti-technologies.co.uk/contact/) in Oldham, near Manchester.

According to the MoD, the equipment will [allow](https://des.mod.uk/31m-training-contract-awarded/) British soldiers to train “as if they were on the ground in a hostile environment”.

Elbit first [registered](https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/05241591) its British division in 2004. The following year, UAV Tactical Systems – a[joint venture](https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/watchkeeper-tactical-unmanned-aerial-system-tuas/description/) between Elbit and French arms giant Thales – won a contract with the British MoD [worth](https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2015-10-02/boxed-up-barely-used-and-4-years-late-watchkeeper-the-armys-affordable-1-2bn-drone-programme) an initial £800-million.

The deal was to provide the British army with Watchkeeper surveillance drones, which are [modelled](http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/watchkeeper-surveillance-drone-can-see-footprints-through-cloud) on Elbit’s Hermes 450.

In 2018, the UK’s MoD agreed on a [contract](http://www.thetower.org/6712-uk-ministry-of-defence-agrees-to-52-million-contract-with-israels-elbit-systems/) worth up to $52-million to purchase a “battlefield management application” from Elbit Systems UK. That same year Israel's armour specialist, Plasan, was [selected](https://defense-update.com/20180228_type-26_armor.html) by the MoD to design and produce armour protection for Britain's new “Type 26” frigates being built by BAE Systems in Glasgow.

![Elbit’s Hermes 450 unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) in flight. (Photo: Elbit)](https://cdn.dailymaverick.co.za/i/IWIoFfsUkOlzLGNAt8c1SKZyzLg=/200x100/smart/filters:strip_exif\(\)/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ISRAEL-3.jpg)

*Elbit’s Hermes 450 unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) in flight. (Photo: Elbit)*

**Nuclear arms**

The UK also appears to play a role in enhancing Israel’s nuclear capabilities. Israel is[believed](https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7566/#fullreport) to possess 80 to 100 nuclear warheads, some of which are [deployed](https://www.spiegel.de/consent-a-?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fisrael-deploys-nuclear-weapons-on-german-built-submarines-a-836784.html) on its submarines. The UK is effectively aiding this nuclear deployment by routinely supplying [submarine components](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/977513/Strategic_export_controls__Annual_Report_Data_2020_Cases_in_annual_report_format.pdf) to Israel.

According to the commander of Haifa naval base, General David Salamah, Israel's submarines regularly [operate](https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/193350) "deep within enemy territory". 

While the UK fiercely opposes Iran’s acquisition of nuclear arms, Britain has a long history of helping Israel to develop nuclear weapons. In the 1950s and 1960s, Conservative and Labour governments made [hundreds of sales](http://markcurtis.info/2018/01/22/israel-palestine-declassified/) of nuclear materials to Israel, including plutonium and uranium.

**Intelligence**

Intelligence sharing, which can aid military operations, is also believed to be extensive between the UK and Israel although details are murky. The *Jerusalem Post* recently[wrote](https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Should-Corbyn-become-PM-Israel-UK-security-relationship-likely-to-end-609191?s=03)that “the relationship between the two intelligence communities is a close and wide-ranging one”.

Documents revealed by US whistleblower Edward Snowden in 2014[showed](https://theintercept.com/2014/08/04/cash-weapons-surveillance/)the US National Security Agency was providing data to its counterpart, the Israeli SIGINT National Unit (ISNU), used to monitor and target Palestinians.

A key partner of the NSA and ISNU was Britain's signals intelligence agency, the Government Communications Headquarters known as GCHQ, which fed the Israelis selected communications data it collected. In 2009, during Israel's Operation Cast Lead in Gaza that left nearly 1,400 people dead, including 344 children, this involved [sharing information](https://theintercept.com/2014/08/04/cash-weapons-surveillance/) on Palestinians, the documents showed. 

The then director of GCHQ, Robert Hannigan, [said](https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/revealed-gchq-s-israel-uk-partnership-1.431416)in 2017 that his organisation had a "strong partnership with our Israeli counterparts in signals intelligence" and that "we are building on an excellent cyber relationship with a range of Israeli bodies". 

It is unclear what this amounts to. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu [said](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/05111702.pdf)in a 2017 BBC interview that there was “intense cooperation between our security intelligence agencies” which “has saved many lives”.

However, former MI6 director Sir Richard Dearlove has[observed](https://www.sott.net/article/226650-Former-MI6-chief-on-Mossads-ruthless-and-cunning-ways-U-K-didnt-always-feel-safe-sharing-intelligence-with-Israel) that British intelligence did not always share information with Israel "because we could never guarantee how the intelligence might or would be used".

In September 2019, the*Daily Telegraph*published a [story](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/26/benjamin-netanyahu-suggests-israel-may-halt-intelligence-cooperation/) stating that Israel might “halt its intelligence co-operation with the UK” if then opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn were to become prime minister and carry out his pledge to impose an arms embargo on Israel.

The article was based on interviews with Netanyahu and also a former MI6 officer who said that a Corbyn premiership “would likely see the intelligence relationship between Britain and Israel ‘put on hold’ for the duration of his time in office”.

The *Telegraph*noted that “a tip from \[Israeli intelligence agency\] Mossad led UK police to a house in northwest London in 2015 where Hezbollah-linked operatives were stockpiling tons of explosive materials”. **DM**

*Mark Curtis is editor of Declassified UK, an investigative journalism organisation that covers the UK’s role in the world.**Follow Declassified on*[*Twitter*](https://twitter.com/declassifiedUK)*,*[*Facebook*](https://www.facebook.com/Declassified-UK-104752184541377/)*and*[*YouTube*](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9RMP_id1lChSSyLxg_VRqA)*. Sign up to receive Declassified’s monthly newsletter*[*here*](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/declassified-uk-newsletter-signup/)*.**You can become a member and supporter of Declassified by visiting*[*here*](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/declassified-uk/support-us/)*.*