Drafting in the army to help transport gravely ill people and ordering border controls, President Emmanuel Macron late on Monday said citizens could leave their homes only to buy food, go to work, seek medical care or get some exercise on their own.

In Paris, police patrolled eerily quiet boulevards, stopping drivers and pedestrians and demanding that they present an interior ministry document justifying their movement. The form can be downloaded on the ministry website and citizens can present an electronic version on their smartphones.

“It’s like the holidays in August,” said flat caretaker Slavjanka Stankovic. “There’s only pigeons and police out there on the Place de la Republique!”

France follows neighbouring Italy and Spain in introducing drastic curbs on public life in response to the pandemic. France’s death toll from the coronavirus has reached 148 and a total of 6,600 people have been confirmed infected.

Macron’s government is deploying more than 100,000 police nationwide to enforce the restrictions. Those who breach the conditions will be fined, although police were showing leniency in the first hours of the lockdown.

“For now we’re just explaining things. Tomorrow we’ll start fining people,” said one riot police officer manning a checkpoint in the upmarket Left Bank district.

Prime Minister Edouard Philippe said there were plans to increase the fine for violations to 135 euros ($148), from 30 euros now.

“We ask the French people to stay at home…We ask them firmly,” he said in an interview broadcast on the France 2 television station.

Hours before the lockdown took effect, Parisians rushed in large numbers to train stations or took to the roads to escape the capital. Those who stayed behind descended on supermarkets and pharmacies, even though these were due to remain open.

“Better to be there than couped up in the apartment,” said one pensioner who gave his name only as Jean-Yves and said he was fleeing to his country house west of Paris.

“TICKING TIME-BOMB”

The Paris exodus drew dismay from some in provincial France, where many fear city-dwellers will bring the virus with them and accelerate its spread.

“Parisians are fleeing the city and will infect the provinces, just to be confined in the open air. This exodus is unthinkable, selfish and a ticking time-bomb,” one Twitter user wrote.

As in many other European countries including Italy, Germany and Spain, schools are closed, restaurants and bars shuttered and factories idle.

Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said France might nationalise big companies reeling from the market fallout.

He said he would mobilise 45 billion euros in emergency measures to help firms weather the storm, money that comes on top of 300 billion euros in government loan guarantees.

Le Maire said the unexpected strain on public finances meant he would have to tear up his 2020 budget. With the economy now forecast to shrink 1%, the state deficit is expected to blow out to 3.9% of gross domestic product from a target of 2.2%.

The lockdown will last at least two weeks, Macron said.

In some supermarkets, shelves were empty of flour, pasta and long-life milk. A Monoprix supermarket near the Eiffel Tower store had marked out one-metre intervals in tape at the tills to remind customers to keep distance from one another and sought payment by card to minimise infection risk.

On Tuesday evening, some Parisians came together in a show of solidarity. Prompted by messages circulating on social media, people in neighbourhoods around the city came out on to their balconies at 8 p.m. to applaud nurses and doctors treating the sick.

“Bravo to the healthcare workers,” one woman shouted from her balcony in the city’s 14th district, on the Left Bank of the Seine. ($1 = 0.9098 euros) (Reporting by Geert De Clercq, Elizabeth Pineau, Caroline Pailliez, Benoit Van Overstraten and Tangi Salaun Writing by Richard Lough and Christian Lowe Editing by Nick Macfie)