--- title: "While you were sleeping: 19 July 2016" description: "Axe-wielding teen injures four in Germany, Trump faces uphill battle at RNC, and Keplar discovers over 100 new planets." type: "NewsArticle" publisher: "Daily Maverick" site: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za" section: "Newsdeck" author: "John Stupart" author_url: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/author/johnstupart/" canonical_url: "https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-while-you-were-sleeping-19-july-2016/" published: "2016-07-19T05:54:47" updated: "2016-07-19T05:55:53" lang: "en-ZA" word_count: 1023 --- # While you were sleeping: 19 July 2016 > Axe-wielding teen injures four in Germany, Trump faces uphill battle at RNC, and Keplar discovers over 100 new planets. By John Stupart · Published 19 July 2016, 07:54 SAST · Updated 19 July 2016, 07:55 SAST ## Content | \| \\| *“The quantity \[prescribed\] is naturally indefinite."* **–** **Winston Churchill's**prescription for alcohol during Prohibition in the US. \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \| | | --- | | \| \\| # Story of the Day \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\\| ## [TRAINSPOTTER: How the DA’s Solly Msimanga hopes to turn Battleground Tshwane into a better version of Sweden](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-trainspotter-how-the-das-solly-msimanga-hopes-to-turn-battleground-tshwane-into-a-better-version-of-sweden/#.V42Yv_l95hE)Meet the Democratic Alliance’s candidate for the imploding municipality of Tshwane. In the nation’s other capital, opposition parties benefit from the fact that it couldn’t possibly do a worse job than the African National Congress. But how much better is not worse? And can Msimanga, a political unknown in national circles, deliver the goods in so volatile and high profile a city? By RICHARD POPLAK. [Read more](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-trainspotter-how-the-das-solly-msimanga-hopes-to-turn-battleground-tshwane-into-a-better-version-of-sweden/#.V42Yv_l95hE) \\\| \\\| --- \\\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| # While you were sleeping \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| ## Afghan teen wields axe on German trainGerman police have killed a 17-year-old Afghan refugee after he attacked passengers aboard a train in Wurzburg. The attacker is believed to have injured four with an axe and a knife. Some witnesses claimed the teen exclaimed "Allahu Akbar" (God is great) during the attack. [Read More](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-german-police-kill-afghan-teen-after-train-axe-attack) \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| ## Trump seeks to quell Republican revoltIt was a chaotic first day at the Republican National Convention. With many anti-Trump delegates furious at procedural rules that denied them a voice, calls and jeers against the party's chosen one dominated day one. Pro-Trump supporters attempted to drown out naysayers with their own chants of "Shame! Shame!" to ill effect. Tuesday is virtually guaranteed to be entertaining. [Read more](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-trump-looks-to-wife-to-move-past-republican-revolt) \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| ## North Korea fires more missilesNorth Korea's Supreme Leader decided to launch three ballistic missiles on Tuesday. Believed to be SCUD missiles, the launches were headed hundreds of miles inside the Sea of Japan. Early reports indicated that they were not headed for the [Daily Maverick office](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-17-letter-to-the-editor-dirty-articles-criticising-supreme-leader/#.V42dxPl95hE). For now. [Read more](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-n.-korea-test-fires-three-ballistic-missiles-s.-korea) \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| ## Keplar discovers 104 exoplanetsA team of researchers announced late on Monday that the Keplar space telescope, as well as several ground observatories, have identified 104 exoplanets outside of our solar system. Exciting news is that at least four of these have earth-like rocky surfaces. Keplar now has a confirmed 2,326 planets under its observatorial belt. [Read more](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-nasas-kepler-discovers-more-than-104-new-exoplanets) \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| # In Numbers \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| **150WPM** \\| \\| --- \\|\\| The words per minuted exceeded by British journalists who learn "Teeline" shorthand. \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| # Facts of the Day \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| Today in 1903 **Maurice-Francois Garin** won the first Tour de France.Fact of the day: **The human stomach** has more nerve endings than the spinal cord. 'Gut feeling' suddenly means a whole lot more than putting one's back into it. \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| # Weather \\| \\| --- \\|\\| # Financial Data \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| BFN: min: 4° max: 21°, sunny CPT: min: 13° max: 17°, rainy DBN: min: 16° max: 25°, cloudy EL: min: 17° max: 26°, cloudy JHB: min: 3° max: 20°, sunny KIM: min: 7° max: 22°, cloudy NLP: min: 3° max: 25°, sunny PMB: min: 8° max: 25°, sunny PKN: min: 5° max: 21°, sunny PE: min: 14° max: 21°, cloudy PTA: min: 3° max: 21°, sunny \\| \\| --- \\|\\| Oil=$46.92Gold=$1,329.02 Platinum=$1,095.45 R/$=14.25 R/€=15.78 R/£=18.91 $/€=1.10 JSE All Share=53,046.31 DJIA=18,524.32 FTSE 100=6,695.42 [Source](http://dailymaverick.us10.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6170d6a6d93cac57e83ba137f&id=6c17d969dc&e=371f6bebf2) \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \|\| \\| # Now on Daily Maverick## Features\\\| ![Photo: Solly Msimanga (DA)](//ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/9NBXab72KxXQPoTarKy_K72IO2PZcfbw_bluDq09Gc4c_8B36SfhrejaQ-yFzxO5ubqG3-n-fe8h0OVANpw6PeSWqCt2yL-oYBbEA7rQC1w0bX0hBWbVcne5U7T5RCQR-PTeAFl-X4xdvjK78-l2=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70poplak-Solly-Msimanga.jpg) \\\| [TRAINSPOTTER: How the DA’s Solly Msimanga hopes to turn Battleground Tshwane into a better version of Sweden](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-trainspotter-how-the-das-solly-msimanga-hopes-to-turn-battleground-tshwane-into-a-better-version-of-sweden/) By Richard Poplak \\\| \\\| --- \\\| --- \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/cM-EswLYorAsLo6CDDLQXQFhrZSgm8onYrL99yY7ucNINN-epzVKngmzM0j9pTPUZgzlbC7OZ6LUoi6l0J6RQwhXWpfNjbUIIu1dA5GWvplZQK5pV4ebNIrsXBP3drBWIyDtC1-7s6rztdG2fnA=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70MarianneDavidGoliath.jpg)Motsoeneng (Steven Kang), NPA head Shaun Abrahams (GCIS), The Hawks boss Mthandazo Ntlemeza (CityPress)" /> \\\| [Political Trials: David vs Goliath and the high cost of taking on a well-resourced state](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-political-trials-david-vs-goliath-and-the-high-cost-of-taking-on-a-well-resourced-state/) By Marianne Thamm \\\| \\\| ![Photo: Melanie Verwoerd and Ahmed Kathrada.](//ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/RU_mSgmBA2y51FTADqfFBgMG7eUejfwFaU9xwB_SCpW3eO3qQ6Yb3DikWRKRUE7mZ5GsELId7ASbolLtvyWzzRVr91CKmEtOv7o0-5qVOpfejClDvaXcAjlNWNmKS1ZkyYmGpbpU1l9X76Bjnk5lJso=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Verwoerd-Ahmed-Kathrada.jpg) \\\| [Ahmed Kathrada: The mountains we still have to climb are huge](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-ahmed-kathrada-the-mountains-we-still-have-to-climb-are-huge/) By Melanie Verwoerd \\\| \\\| ![Photo: Gugs Zulu (VW SA)](//ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/ngyDf4jW_DNuyWPFEqub9HU3BUwcEBvVFxHdg6i9Yom_t8dT11qUK62eBP2mp83_TcynZlP_wWpID-m8X3jrVWkL5Yc9p3v8ZqUMsz1LRgU2yM0r_yOhJO0K7ivMB3MlDLoHQ3D3uO4=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Greg-Gugu-Zulu.jpg) \\\| [Gugu Zulu: SA remembers ‘the fastest brother in Africa’](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-gugu-zulu-sa-remembers-the-fastest-brother-in-africa/) By Greg Nicolson \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/_tlpbL3AAatMQVbZEhTssa6edgbv9ufZPe5NQEYfWn1-O_QcIOHPfxCikdv8INnMo74so6UfoLYT4G3AbP0Y1Vv1YKM1xRuoWwmCDGRMDoFXlq21JzTfsolKlX8wqZV-QsIJLRm8jkAdsBBYCp0Jp19mWja1b2M=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70GroundUp-AidsMarch-MAIN-PHOTO.jpg)Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) showing Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) supporters marching to handover a memorandum amongst them is the Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa and the UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibe, to the AIDS 2016 Conference in Durban, South Africa, 18 July 2016. South Africa is hosting the AIDS 2016 Conference scheduled for Durban, from 18-22 July 2016. EPA/Siyasanga Mbambani / GCIS" /> \\\| [GroundUp: March to Aids conference highlights millions who remain untreated](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-groundup-march-to-aids-conference-highlights-millions-who-remain-untreated/) By GroundUp \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/vbmd_w26Z-Yu3pw7BQw7t8Jxv9Zh1P0sJvE3zSGJTE1JuIWwP0zmjKFXh_sKo8atgfijnN3L0lbQjPwryI1LqnMeIQFFGcDUmna93ysN0cjUtKgVZ2LlbnBJkNolx15KF_GQYi1eAJZUgg0=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Grootes-Liar-Liar.jpg)crowd while appearing at a campaign rally in Norcross, Georgia, USA, 10 October 2015. EPA/ERIK S. LESSER" /> \\\| [Liar Liar: Electioneering in the Post-Truth Era](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-liar-liar-electioneering-in-the-post-truth-era/) By Stephen Grootes \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/TngAM5T7BIFEqK1Gf2H2mpmGxaJbuRnxarHhFRD9H7MvFqfIb3F83CxNI4mstwIJPpL5bii0dkpg8GTfalxDjar4O_T-ABVFxbt0fmOUcOY3fVw4mHy7ZGgYuB9gWtcG4KYWodt_anlRv-LZedzFq6OEXl0=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70ama-Tormin-mine-MAIN-PHOTO.jpg)promotional video." /> \\\| [amaBhungane: West Coast dune mining – is the tide turning on Tormin?](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-18-amabhungane-west-coast-dune-mining-is-the-tide-turning-on-tormin/) By AMABHUNGANE \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/cOR4H7mlxE2RazlErJDLnSQ397upkG6Nwpd7WPui9X7S6ILWq7jRx8ay7Tmk0P6g0NKLMqCk4m5mudE_HkCQQTkNqWoB3nTWRaqiEhInMUIvKIhZlsdYfD5qUl11zuttlxvPuhAd3_lO0EFKNDv0urxS6g=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70News24-SABC-journos-fired.jpg)Johannesburg (Mike Powell, via Wikimedia Commons)" /> \\\| [Four SABC journalists fired because they approached labour court – lawyer](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-four-sabc-journalists-fired-because-they-approached-labour-court-lawyer/) By News24 \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/Y3RLMP7l39dmcAaL3EsOVHUaxOoWO1QpNavPyjfeBsQuLpF7-HwiVrm_KBjkeb-7ls_UP-mLrXnFsBX1Q-x4-JIFDoOgL2CuEhwOWeQ2VIV2aoRhTQUFtn3pI8JmSZC08QNnJ5N6ip2EHkbP2tFBavdidbFUC1yOn67MJw=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Simon-Zimbabwe-churches-MAIN-PHOTO.jpg)Allison)" /> \\\| [The Dissident, the Despot & the Divine: A tale of two Zimbabwean churches](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-the-dissident-the-despot-the-divine-a-tale-of-two-zimbabwean-churches/) By Simon Allison \\\| \\\| ![amaBunghane-Malawi-Timber-factory-vanishes.jpg](//ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/72GHF5GzznGfKXsfJAp7_fRwP5Gwe74HFpVxToH8sapLHcKWcddDa0oyR4uPo531ZhHdW8F6CV85ko3MohnzKYh25pzdgEwbvI4YtQBR5TshPRxd9eidOI93eySOqZaTzGS_cyf4zz5Gnc0DF7YR1xnCdP09V28uIC1IUjd2pAGHfIpa=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70amaBunghane-Malawi-Timber-factory-vanishes.jpg) \\\| [amaBhungane: Politically connected brothers, scandal, toxic loans – Malawi edition](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-amabhungane-politically-connected-brothers-scandal-toxic-loans-malawi-edition/) By AMABHUNGANE \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/UXAjg_vngEoywaOe8-5s8iwoOP4FkC9tnim4wcaZdI9i0PD0IEFpW81tCOheeV02fJMuKhv06mUny1FeqD6JXBy650Ms6TkbmJKnKy9S9B5VWAR6iEfEg-TYgb06BsLElWE6zQRCthF8Ug=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70hassan-aids-2016.jpg)Action Campaign (TAC) protest during a meeting at St.George’s Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa 29 August 2007. EPA/NIC BOTHMA" /> \\\| [Op-Ed: What Durban forgets – Aids, Denialism and People Power](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-op-ed-what-durban-forgets-aids-denialism-and-people-power/) By Fatima Hassan \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/R3YFKOOeqSIg0C_ugq2jzFl_evv-v670CfOcx8tSERpQf4hjdTSpwwAVhm_SwJ4CJbH2EfXnMl_edVaXas0PgExTgyzmpU_Oe4ZhiU4Vv2FoRZax87T8Psva9sUWwIUafvThuDGXnPlamZ5ssDHmn2t-5zej4NWq6v4KnDdh=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Merten-Nehawu-Public-Protector-Parly.jpg)busy central Cape Town from Parliament up the road to the Western Cape Public Protector’s office. All photos by Marianne Merten." /> \\\| [Mgidlana, ‘Parliament’s Hlaudi’: Nehawu asks Public Protector to probe ‘flagrant violations’ of financial management act](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-mgidlana-parliaments-hlaudi-nehawu-asks-public-protector-to-probe-flagrant-violations-of-financial-management-act/) By Marianne Merten \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/wf9GFnGg-hjOwzyKtkrAtJKjT1hGPOjmZHVUoT4fc4I0Sae4pWrh9a9UsoCb4pWuaQaW8viFaCvyqrAwiszQn0PVphBoPz9zg08wOA_svYkVzkrCEXNih-tSw2A7kiX_hVzLVxhb3Ighhk14kni5rw=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Groundup-transmissions.jpg)the Ubuntu clinic in Cape Town’s Khayelitsha township February 15, 2010. REUTERS/Finbarr O’Reilly." /> \\\| [GroundUp: No HIV transmissions after sex 58,000 times without condoms](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-groundup-no-hiv-transmissions-after-sex-58000-times-without-condoms/) By GroundUp \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/NntUnXfXxB13pp46k7hef6ZHJ-fw89Ck-fnEqqu4bYtUqpWFtEkH4GvwNBGxbss5Djj0ZpL8UYmoeaeSS-tpmDGG6gY1Tny1l3_38XV6Tl5_1vAGXJn_lNDLCZZm2yxHEr7FjGXEVn4zRNxd78wMlXAAShUiiA=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Groundup-corruption-employee.jpg)driver’s licence to a client is confronted by GroundUp. He was still working at the facility, almost two weeks after evidence was submitted to the director of internal affairs at the JMPD. Photo: Benita Enoch" /> \\\| [GroundUp: State employee who offered bribe still has his job](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-groundup-state-employee-who-offered-bribe-still-has-his-job/) By GroundUp \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WzRqvdcadNn88yV4sIYD27xRKgpm8q37UWoAwJbw3KFXh6DafO9hbEzWkjYmkwLsfm3vNyRyZkU_8n-sxs5QGShEH16Bo2cE8N202cd0a1R5Hq2jaK-GdGsWWlZcxJK35U0qfov1ZYol5g=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70ICG-ukraine-line.jpg)downtown Donetsk, Ukraine, 09 May 2016. Leaders of self-proclaimed Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics (DNR and LNR) organised a Victory Day parade marking the 71st anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany in World War II. EPA/ALEXANDER ERMOCHENKO" /> \\\| [ICG: Crossing the line in Ukraine](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-19-icg-crossing-the-line-in-ukraine/) By International Crisis Group \\\| \\\| ![Image](//ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/NF-c-QBwgXWJgk3N0Ek0r5AswI7OLIQBeOdUpnO3TZv8zzjdpuoASb_9zRpujQMSDDe2Ed0Po8rQh1wVegIR75bsR1EGw6p9p_5q3RRATs_AcO8_LXZATIt1usQeV6xICuxmPLQ=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70h_528908482.jpg)victims of the Nice truck terrorist attack during the 14th stage of the 103rd edition of the Tour de France cycling race over 208.5Km between Montelimar and Villars-Les-Dombes Parc des Oiseaux, France, 16 July 2016. EPA/KIM LUDBROOK" /> \\\| [While you were sleeping: 18 July 2016](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-07-18-while-you-were-sleeping-18-july-2016/) By John Stupart \\\|## Opinionista\\\| ![IvoVegterBW](//ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/ciAM4qJZ9CPpJ6XmXCdbBFz1Y2aIPzZuGHPIazJ1l0J8zeq3LCw_6oQSOIWk6fEGCdH4uhbdnu1k4IYbqrBrUK9kn4HKjda7rq38xP2mlJ4ht2_djFdi3F_eSKa-xb7dlwShfH3Q5yFambesu4_BNRcHsDOkkUE2U-E=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70562c5ffb4076dfd1ddee1be88f4bf94a.jpg) \\\| [The end of capitalism is not nigh](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-07-18-the-end-of-capitalism-is-not-nigh/) By Ivo Vegter \\\| \\\| --- \\\| --- \\\| \\\| ![Gabriella.jpg](//ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/9GfhcKIHnJCaellxuwGh5Brd2drhwLfYeWWOSfART_ENW-YLw_pa0fFlrKT3LAJHDXmhOw4L7iXs0ueXeyn3oOT5CP-B-j6j9BOY5u9TUfQfkASt89YkJKAkMnB9o8p_LtN_=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Gabriella.jpg) \\\| [Truth in the age of internet shutdowns](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-07-18-truth-in-the-age-of-internet-shutdowns/) By Gabriella Razzano \\\| \\\| ![Dr-Iqbal-Surve.jpg](//ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/6vl_rom7yBe6vWch54T68KDUfTZ-UAOhIZp_Dmcx0SvBIzgvWIaQ710JECZWIMoB5sd1tOyrB1W5xRRWUAEWdQnh5QiE-5sgl4OEI2Xd1pqKVmKqrcSYzOzi83grad9fC06qzjh9f-c=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70Dr-Iqbal-Surve.jpg) \\\| [Independent, PIC detractors fight for political control](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-07-18-independent-pic-detractors-fight-for-political-control/) By Iqbal Survè \\\| \\\| ![sandile-nqose.jpg](//ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/eeZMOrPih2pRPnjXmXjLqZzfzS3_xB_NqF5a2fBpxITvbk7BAH-ioeuQlyPSDuPCN6qtBVGP_qywDjh3ARI140-51vrBF_ImHALTEua0X0QCM5noSbUQuU4xWiNZSXmb45PtHUywdA=s0-d-e1-ft#http://images.www.dailymaverick.co.za/images/resized_images/80x70q70sandile-nqose.jpg) \\\| [Shading Blackness: A journey into mental slavery](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-07-19-shading-blackness-a-journey-into-mental-slavery/) By Sandile Nqose \\\| \\| \\| --- \\| \| \| --- \| |